Fig. 6.

Application of 4-FPA decreases the population density of WBPH and increases rice yields in the field. (A) Mean planthopper control effect (+SE, n = 3) of 4-FPA at different concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg L⁻¹ on WBPH in 2015 (Upper) and 2016 (Lower). Four-FPA was sprayed on July 15 and July 12, respectively, in 2015 and 2016. (B) Growth phenotype of rice plants 7 and 20 d postspraying of 4-FPA at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹ in 2015 (Left) and 200 mg L⁻¹ in 2016 (Right). (C) Mean seed setting rate and yield of rice seed per plant (+SE, n = 3) of plants that were sprayed with different concentrations of 4-FPA in 2015 (Left) and 2016 (Right). Letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05; Duncan’s multiple range test). Asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments and controls (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; Student’s t tests).