Figure 3. Panaxynol induces γ-H2AX in macrophages, but not in other cell types.

All cell types were treated with PA at specified doses for 12 hours. Activated mФ were generated by treating with IFNγ (10 ng/ml for 8 hours) prior to PA treatment. U-937 cells were treated with 10 ng/ml PMA for 24 hours for differentiation into mФ. (A–E) MФ showed increased DNA damage with doses starting from 1 μM, as shown by the increase in the expression of γ-H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA damage. (F–J) Non-macrophage cell lines, including other immune cells (i. e. lymphoblasts and T cells) and epithelial cell lines, did not show any change in the protein expression of γ-H2AX and (K) U-937 cells which are monocytes were more sensitive than U-937 mФ. M - cell culture media.