Figure 6.

Offline learning test and relation to pupil entrainment. A, On each trial of the RSVP task, subjects had to detect a target face. Targets were embedded into a stream of faces (250 ms on, 250 ms off). The face immediately preceding the target could be the previously exposed predictor (“exposed” condition, black), an identity or a head orientation that had been paired with another face during the exposure phase (foil condition, green), or a completely novel identity (novel condition, blue). B, Human subjects were more accurate (exposed vs foil: t₍₂₉₎ = 2.928, p = 0.007, g = 0.376; exposed vs novel: t₍₂₉₎ = 4.715, p < 0.001, g = 0.962) and faster (exposed vs foil: t₍₂₉₎ = −4.522, p < 0.001, g = −0.266; exposed vs novel: t₍₂₉₎ = −5.464, p < 0.001, g = −0.403) in detecting the target when it was preceded by the previously exposed predictor than in the foil or the novel conditions. Horizontal bars indicate the mean, boxes indicate the 95% Bayes-bootstrapped high-density interval, and circles indicate the individual subjects' data points (n = 30). C, Pupil entrainment at the 1 Hz pair rate during the exposure phase (normalized against the mean of the four surrounding frequencies) predicted offline learning effects: the stronger the entrainment at 1 Hz, the larger the accuracy benefit in the exposed over the foil condition (r = 0.481, p = 0.007) and the novel condition (r = 0.402, p = 0.027).