Table 2.
Associations between perceived neighborhood environment and cognitive function among women (n = 1,812)
| Global Cognition | Verbal Learning | Memory | Verbal Fluency | Processing Speed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| Neighborhood Problemsa | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.61 (0.16, 1.05)** | 1.28 (0.20, 2.36)* | 0.71 (0.22, 1.21)** | 0.87 (−0.63, 2.38) | 1.90 (−0.23, 4.02) |
| Q2 | 0.17 (−0.28, 0.62) | 0.47 (−0.45, 1.39) | 0.31 (−0.18, 0.80) | −0.13 (−1.77, 1.50) | 0.43 (−1.50, 2.36) |
| Q3 | 0.37 (−0.03, 0.77) | 0.09 (−0.97, 1.16) | 0.23 (−0.23, 0.70) | 1.23 (0.00, 2.46)* | 2.40 (0.46, 4.33)* |
| Q4 | 0.44 (−0.07, 0.94) | 0.44 (−0.53, 1.41) | 0.30 (−0.22, 0.81) | 1.58 (−0.74, 3.94) | 1.77 (−0.29, 3.83) |
| Q5 (High) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) |
| p-trend | 0.064 | 0.045 | 0.021 | 0.989 | 0.298 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.48 (0.03, 0.94)* | 0.93 (−0.11, 1.96) | 0.60 (0.11, 1.09)* | 0.72 (−0.87, 2.31) | 1.54 (−0.65, 3.73) |
| Q2 | 0.04 (−0.41, 0.48) | 0.10 (−0.80, 0.99) | 0.19 (−0.28, 0.65) | −0.29 (−1.98, 1.40) | 0.06 (−1.92, 2.04) |
| Q3 | 0.30 (−0.10, 0.69) | −0.11 (−1.16, 0.93) | 0.17 (−0.30, 0.64) | 1.15 (−0.11, 2.40) | 2.19 (0.24, 4.14)* |
| Q4 | 0.40 (−0.11, 0.92) | 0.34 (−0.61, 1.29) | 0.26 (−0.25, 0.78) | 1.54 (−0.82, 3.90) | 1.67 (−0.41, 3.75) |
| Q5 (High) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) |
| p-trend | 0.229 | 0.192 | 0.060 | 0.828 | 0.546 |
| Neighborhood Social Cohesionb | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) |
| Q2 | 0.09 (−0.31, 0.48) | 0.45 (−0.55, 1.45) | 0.28 (−0.21, 0.77) | −0.02 (−1.39, 1.35) | −0.89 (−2.83, 1.04) |
| Q3 | 0.10 (−0.40, 0.59) | −0.14 (−1.11, 0.83) | 0.03 (−0.47, 0.52) | 0.82 (−1.29, 2.94) | 0.27 (−1.61, 2.16) |
| Q4 | −0.30 (−0.74, 0.15) | −0.08 (−0.98, 0.81) | −0.04 (−0.61, 0.52) | −1.42 (−2.87, 0.04) | −1.77 (−3.74, 0.19) |
| Q5 (High) | −0.44 (−0.90, 0.01) | −0.71 (−1.68, 0.26) | −0.07 (−0.63, 0.48) | −1.85 (−3.65, −0.05)* | −1.78 (−3.51, −0.04)* |
| p-trend | 0.015 | 0.077 | 0.478 | 0.009 | 0.025 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) |
| Q2 | 0.00 (−0.39, 0.39) | 0.22 (−0.77, 1.21) | 0.21 (−0.28, 0.69) | −0.13 (−1.53, 1.27) | −1.15 (−3.06, 0.76) |
| Q3 | 0.03 (−0.47, 0.54) | −0.32 (−1.27, 0.63) | −0.03 (−0.53, 0.47) | 0.74 (−1.44, 2.92) | 0.08 (−1.84, 2.00) |
| Q4 | −0.44 (−0.89, 0.01) | −0.48 (−1.38, 0.41) | −0.18 (−0.72, 0.37) | −1.61 (−3.12, −0.11)* | −2.21 (−4.22, −0.21)* |
| Q5 (High) | −0.56 (−1.02, −0.09)* | −1.01 (−2.00, −0.03)* | −0.17 (−0.74, 0.39) | −2.00 (−3.83, −0.16)* | −2.11 (−3.87, −0.36)* |
| p-trend | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.273 | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Neighborhood Safety from Crimec | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Low | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) |
| Medium | 0.26 (−0.07, 0.58) | 0.42 (−0.28, 1.11) | 0.11 (−0.24, 0.47) | 0.95 (−0.35, 2.24) | 0.92 (−0.58, 2.43) |
| High | 0.01 (−0.40, 0.42) | 0.21 (−0.75, 1.17) | 0.10 (−0.42, 0.61) | −0.18 (−1.47, 1.12) | −0.47 (−2.30, 1.35) |
| p-trend | 0.965 | 0.663 | 0.713 | 0.790 | 0.612 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Low | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) | 0.00 (ref) |
| Medium | 0.18 (−0.14, 0.51) | 0.20 (−0.47, 0.86) | 0.04 (−0.31, 0.39) | 0.88 (−0.48, 2.24) | 0.72 (−0.81, 2.24) |
| High | −0.06 (−0.48, 0.36) | 0.01 (−0.97, 0.98) | 0.03 (−0.51, 0.57) | −0.24 (−1.59, 1.11) | −0.67 (−2.53, 1.20) |
| p-trend | 0.779 | 0.989 | 0.923 | 0.726 | 0.483 |
Note: Sample size is unweighted and all other values are weighted. Q = Quintiles.
Perceived neighborhood problems’ score range according to quintile and sample size: Q1: 0-7 (n = 274); Q2: 8-9 (n = 417); Q3: 10-11 (n = 346); Q4: 12-14 (n = 375); Q5: 15-28 (n = 400).
Perceived neighborhood social cohesion’s score range according to quintile and sample size: Q1: 5.0-13.0 (n = 375); Q2: 14-15 (n = 394); Q3: 16-17 (n = 426); Q4: 18-19 (n = 356); Q5: 19-25 (n = 261).
Perceived neighborhood safety categories’ sample size: Low: 483; Medium: 964; High: 355.
Model 1: Age, Hispanic/Latino background, language preference, field site, years living in neighborhood, annual household income, and education.
Model 2: Model 1 + depressive symptoms.
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001