Table 3.
Associations between perceived neighborhood environment and cognitive function among men (n = 1,034)
| Global Cognition | Verbal Learning | Memory | Verbal Fluency | Processing Speed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| Neighborhood Problemsb | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.07 (−0.57, 0.71) | 0.34 (−1.27, 1.95) | 0.07 (−0.63, 0.77) | 0.18 (−1.49, 1.85) | −0.33 (−3.39, 2.74) |
| Q2 | 0.17 (−0.35, 0.69) | −0.06 (−1.43, 1.32) | 0.37 (−0.18, 0.92) | 0.18 (−1.11, 1.47) | 0.85 (−1.78, 3.47) |
| Q3 | −0.08 (−0.61, 0.46) | −0.15 (−1.49, 1.19) | −0.02 (−0.63, 0.60) | −0.27 (−1.77, 1.24) | −0.30 (−2.68, 2.07) |
| Q4 | 0.30 (−0.16, 0.76) | 0.85 (−0.31, 2.00) | 0.23 (−0.35, 0.81) | 0.01 (−1.35, 1.37) | 1.76 (−0.50, 4.03) |
| Q5 (High) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| p-trend | 0.992 | 0.901 | 0.726 | 0.763 | 0.636 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | −0.18 (−0.83, 0.46) | −0.21 (−1.85, 1.43) | −0.19 (−0.86, 0.49) | −0.16 (−1.86, 1.66) | −1.31 (−4.41, 1.80) |
| Q2 | −0.06 (−0.58, 0.46) | −0.56 (−1.91, 0.79) | 0.14 (−0.42, 0.69) | −0.13 (−1.45, 1.18) | −0.05 (−2.77, 2.66) |
| Q3 | −0.25 (−0.76, 0.26) | −0.53 (−1.86, 0.80) | −0.19 (−0.81, 0.42) | −0.50 (−1.95, 1.03) | −0.98 (−3.39, 1.43) |
| Q4 | 0.18 (−0.26, 0.62) | 0.57 (−0.55, 1.69) | 0.11 (−0.46, 0.68) | −0.16 (−1.53, 1.15) | 1.27 (−0.98, 3.53) |
| Q5 (High) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| p-trend | 0.398 | 0.390 | 0.650 | 0.882 | 0.249 |
| Neighborhood Social Cohesion | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 | 0.01 (−0.44, 0.46) | 0.32 (−0.72, 1.37) | 0.02 (−0.51, 0.55) | −0.13 (−1.40, 1.15) | −0.43 (−2.89, 2.02) |
| Q3 | 0.13 (−0.32, 0.58) | 0.95 (−0.24, 2.13) | 0.02 (−0.53, 0.58) | 0.02 (−1.22, 1.27) | −0.22 (−2.52, 2.07) |
| Q4 | −0.09 (−0.56, 0.39) | −0.02 (−1.07, 1.03) | −0.39 (−1.04, 0.26) | 0.38 (−0.98, 1.74) | −0.25 (−3.00, 2.49) |
| Q5 (High) | −0.15 (−0.72, 0.42) | 0.24 (−1.17, 1.65) | 0.16 (−0.77, 0.45) | −0.55 (−2.12, 1.01) | −1.26 (−3.96, 1.43) |
| p-trend | 0.528 | 0.928 | 0.323 | 0.732 | 0.469 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Q1 (Low) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 | −0.07 (−0.50, 0.36) | 0.16 (−0.85, 1.17) | −0.07 (−0.59, 0.55) | −0.24 (−1.49, 1.02) | −0.75 (−3.21, 1.71) |
| Q3 | 0.03 (−0.41, 0.48) | 0.75 (−0.42, 1.91) | −0.09 (−0.64, 0.47) | −0.11 (−1.34, 1.12) | −0.60 (−2.97, 1.77) |
| Q4 | −0.23 (−0.70, 0.24) | −0.30 (−1.34, 0.74) | −0.54 (−1.19, 0.10) | 0.19 (−1.18, 1.56) | −0.79 (−3.59, 2.00) |
| Q5 (High) | −0.28 (−0.88, 0.32) | −0.02 (−1.49, 1.55) | −0.30 (−0.91, 0.32) | −0.72 (−2.36, 0.92) | −1.75 (−4.54, 1.04) |
| p-trend | 0.289 | 0.762 | 0.152 | 0.580 | 0.289 |
| Neighborhood Safety from Crime | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Low (Worst) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Medium | 0.09 (−0.32, 0.49) | 0.30 (−0.77, 1.36) | −0.08 (−0.55, 0.39) | 0.28 (−0.87, 1.44) | 0.57 (−1.17, 2.30) |
| High | 0.11 (−0.41, 0.63) | 0.42 (−0.96, 1.79) | −0.15 (−0.70, 0.39) | −0.24 (−1.79, 1.32) | 1.90 (−0.32, 4.12) |
| p-trend | 0.679 | 0.552 | 0.577 | 0.767 | 0.094 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Low (Worst) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Medium | 0.01 (−0.37, 0.40) | 0.15 (−0.89, 1.18) | −0.16 (−0.62, 0.30) | 0.18 (−0.95, 1.31) | 0.31 (−1.37, 2.00) |
| High | 0.00 (−0.51, 0.51) | 0.20 (−1.17, 1.56) | −0.27 (−0.82, 0.27) | −0.39 (−1.92, 1.15) | 1.53 (−0.75, 3.81) |
| p-trend | 0.991 | 0.777 | 0.324 | 0.621 | 0.189 |
Note: Sample size is unweighted and all other values are weighted. Q = Quintiles.
Perceived neighborhood problems’ score range according to quintile and sample size: Q1: 0-7 (n = 143); Q2: 8-9 (n = 205); Q3: 10-11 (n = 194); Q4: 12-14 (n = 249); Q5: 15-28 (n = 238).
Perceived neighborhood social cohesion’s score range according to quintile and sample size: Q1: 5.0-13.0 (n = 236); Q2: 14-15 (n = 216); Q3: 16-17 (n = 221); Q4: 18-19 (n = 185); Q5: 19-25 (n = 171).
Perceived neighborhood safety categories’ sample size: Low: 268; Medium: 511; High: 250.
Model 1: Age, Hispanic/Latino background, language preference, field site, years living in neighborhood, annual household income, and education.
Model 2: Model 1 + depressive symptoms.
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001