Table 1.
Proteomics studies of periodontal diseases.
| Author (Year) | Diagnosis Criteria | Sample | Number of Subjects | Protein Analysis | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marinho MC, et al. (2019) [11] | CP with DM; PH with DM; CP without DM; PH without DM | GCF | 20 subjects (5 for each group) | iTRAQ labeling; LC-MS/MS |
- There were 104 proteins exhibiting significant differences between the controlled and the diseased groups |
| Shin MS, et al. (2019) [12] | P; H | WUS | 207 subjects (107 P, 100 H) | LC MS/MS; ELISA | - There were 744 proteins identified - S100A8 and S100A9 were the highest total relative abundance proteins |
| Tang H, et al. (2019) [13] | CP; G; PH | WUS GCF BS |
50 subjects (17 CP; 17 G; 16 PH) | MALDI-TOF; Nano-LC/ESI-MS/MS | - There were 91 peptides detected, seven of which showed significant differences between the CP and the PH group - Fifty-eight peptide peaks were found in BC, 13 of which showed significant differences between the CP and the PH groups, 10 peaks exhibited significantly upregulated in G group - Forty-eight peptide peaks were found in GCF, four of them were significantly higher in the CP group than in the PH group - One hundred and thirteen salivary peptide peaks were detected in G groups, three of which were significantly different from the PH group |
| Bostanci N, et al. (2018) [14] | CP; gAP; G; PH | WUS | 67 subjects in study group phase 1 (17 CP; 17 gAP, 17 gingivitis; 16 PH) and 82 subjects in study group phase 2 (21 CP; 21 gAP; 20 G; 20 PH) | LFQ LC-MS/MS; LC-SRM-MS |
- One hundred an nineteen proteins significant difference between PH and disease subjects - Five proteins with high predictive value for CP and gAP group (AUC >0.97); |
| Guzman YA, et al. (2018) [15] | CP | GCF | 10 subjects before and after treatment | LC-MS/MS | - Azurocidin, lysozyme C, and myosin-9 as biomarkers candidate at baseline - α-smooth muscle actin as biomarker candidate 13 weeks after treatment |
| Mertens B, et al. (2018) [16] | CP; gAP; PH | WUS | 33 subjects (10 CP; 11 gAP, 12 PH) | SDS-PAGE; LC-MRM |
- Hemopexin, plasminogen, and α-fibrinogen related to the presence of periodontitis compare with healthy subjects - Apolipoprotein H was found higher in gAP compare with CP |
| Aboodi GM, et al. (2016) [17] | Plaque-induced gingivitis | WUS | 5 healthy (experimental model) | Oral neutrophil quantification; LC-ESI-MS/MS | - Eighty-nine proteins showed significant level changes during experiment on gingivitis - Neutrophil count in G has a moderate correlation with salivary β-globin, thioredoxin, and albumin - Neutrophil count in G has a strong correlation with collagen α-1 and G protein–coupled receptor 98 |
| Kerishnan JP, et al. (2016) [18] | PH; mild CP; moderate CP; severe CP; gAP | BS | 90 subjects (42 PH; 9 mild CP; 12 moderate CP; 19 severe CP; 8 gAP) | 2DE; MALDI-TOF/TOF; WB | - Fourteen protein clusters identified - α1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, Ig κ chain C region, kininogen significantly expressed in all stages of periodontitis compare to normal subjects. |
| Bostanci N, et al. (2015) [19] | Biofilm with red complex; Biofilm without red complex | Gingival epithelial culture secretome | Gingival epithelial culture | LC MS/MS | - One hundred and ninety-two proteins were quantified - The red complex bacteria in the biofilm was responsible for down-regulated effect - The upregulated proteins were associated with inflammation and apoptosis - The down regulated ones were associated with the alteration of epithelial tissue robustness and disablement of tissue turnover |
| Trindade F, et al. (2015) [20] | CP; PH | WUS | 9 CP; 10 PH | Nano-HPLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF; Protease prediction carried out in silico with Proteasix; Slot blot | - Protease prediction showed a different protease profiles in CP and H subjects - Histatin-1 increased in CP subjects compare to PH subjects - Eight peptides showed a specific association with CP |
| Monari E, et al. (2015) [21] | CP; PH | Periodontal pocket tissue | 15 CP; 15 PH | 2DE; LC MS/MS; Western blot | - Thirty-two proteins identified - Four proteins (S100A9, heat shock protein β1, galectin-7, and 14-3-3) were over-expressed in CP compared with PH subjects |
| Carneiro LG, et al. (2014) [22] | PH; Moderate- severe P | GCF | 40 PH; 40 moderate-severe P | LC-ESI-MS/MS; ICAT labeling; mTRAQ labeling; SDS-PAGE; ELISA | - One hundred and eighty proteins were quantified in both groups - Twenty six and 32 proteins were found only in PH and moderate-severe P subjects respectively - Immunoglobulin A2, lactotransferrin, neutrophil defensin-1, myeloperoxidase, and S100A8 proteins were upregulated in moderate-severe P - Fifty host proteins and 16 bacterial proteins were upregulated |
| Huynh AH, et al. (2014) [23] | PH; G; CP | GCF | 15 PH; 15 G; 15 CP | SDS-PAGE; LC-ESI-MS/MS | - One hundred and twentyone proteins were detected, two-thirds of which were identified in all three groups - Forty-two proteins were significant different according to specified criteria |
| Bertoldi C, et al. (2013) [24] | Moderate-advance CP | Pocket-associated and healthy tissues | 25 subjects before and after osseous resective surgery | 2DE; LC–MS/MS | - Fifteen proteins were differently expressed between pathological and healthy tissues - Annexin A2, actin cytoplasmic 1, carbonic anhydrase 1 & 2; Immunoglobulin κ chain C region and flavin reductase were upregulated in pathological condition - Heat shock protein β-1, 14-3-3 proteins sigma and zeta/delta, triosephosphate isomerase, peroxiredoxin-1, fatty acid-binding protein-epidermal, and galectin-7 were downregulated in pathological |
| Tsuchida S, et al. (2013) [25] | CP; PH | GCF | 31 CP; 16 PH | LC–MS/MS | Six hundred and nineteen proteins were identified |
| Silva-Boghossian CM, et al. (2013) [26] | CP; PH | GCF | 5 CP; 5 PH | LC–MS/MS | PH subjects (145 proteins) and CP subjects consist of three probing depth sites: P (deep probing depth sites: 214 proteins), G (shallow probing depth sites with bleeding on probing: 154 proteins), and H (shallow sites without bleeding on probing: 133 proteins) |
| Salazar MG, et al. (2013) [27] | P; H | WSS | 20 P; 20 H | LC–MS/MS | Three hundred and forty-four proteins identified |
| Bostanci N, et al. (2013) [28] | G | GCF | 20 H (experimental model) | LC–MS/MS | Two hundred and fifty-four human proteins, 18 bacterial proteins |
| Tsuchida S, et al. (2012) [29] | H; mild P; moderate P; severe P | GCF | 5 H; 3 mild P; 3 moderate P; 5 severe P | 2DE; SDS-PAGE; LC–MS/MS | Three hundred and twenty-seven proteins, including superoxide dismutase 1, apolipoprotein A-I and dermcidin were identified |
| Baliban RC, et al. (2012) [30] | CP; PH | GCF | 12 CP; 12 PH | LC-MS/MS | - Four hundred and thirty-two human and 30 bacterial proteins were detected - Angiotensinogen, clusterin, and thymidine phosphorylase found only in PH group - Neutrophil defensin-1, carbonic anhydrase-1, and elongation factor-1 gamma were associated with CP |
| Kido J, et al. (2012) [31] | PH; P | GCF | 1 PH; 8 P | SDS-PAGE; LC-MS/MS |
Two hundred and thirty-one proteins detected; 64 proteins were found only in PH sites and 63 proteins were founded only in P sites. |
| Zhang J, et al. (2012) [32] | OT-H; OT-P; P | WUS | 24 subjects (8 OT-H; 8 OT-P; 8 P) | MALDI-TOF MS combined with magnetic bead; nano-LC/ESI-MS/MS | - One hundred and nine protein mass peak detected - There are nine intensities peak differ among three groups |
| Gonçalves Lda R, et al. (2011) [33] | G; H | WUS | 10 G; 10 H | 2DE; MALDI-TOF; LC-MS/MS | - Ten proteins detected from 2DE and MALDI-TOF - Twenty-four proteins detected from LC-MS/MS |
| Mizuno N, et al. (2011) [34] | gAP | Neutrophil | 10 gAP with chemotaxis dysfunction; 10 gAP without dysfunction; 15 CP; 15 PH | 2DE; MALDI-TOF | - Lactoferrin, caldesmon, heat shock protein 70, and STAC showed a higher protein expression level in gAP with neutrophil dysfunction group than in the control group - The caldesmon mRNA levels in neutrophils from gAP with chemotaxis dysfunction were upregulated compared with other groups |
| Choi YJ, et al. (2011) [35] | CP | GCF | 12 CP; 11 PH | SDS-PAGE; LC-MS/MS | Three hundred and five proteins identified |
| Gonçalves Lda R, et al. (2010) [36] | CP | WUS | 10 CP; 10 PH | 2DE; MALDI-TOF; LC-MS/MS | - Four proteins detected from 2DE and MALDI-TOF with different abundance among groups - Twenty-seven proteins detected from LC-MS/MS |
| Haigh BJ, et al (2010) [37] | Severe P | WUS | 9 severe P before and after | 2DE; MALDI-TOF; LC-MS/MS | - One hundred and twenty-eight proteins identified across all saliva samples - Fifteen protein spots with altered abundance |
| Bostanci N, et al. (2010) [38] | gAP; PH | GCF | 5 gAP; 5 PH | LC-MS | - One hundred and fifteen proteins identified in gAP and 88 proteins in PH group - Four sources of origin were identified: human, bacterial, yeast, and virus - L-plastin detected only in gAP and annexin-A1 was upregulated 5-fold in PH group |
| Ngo LH, et al. (2010) [39] | CP; PH | GCF | 12 CP | SDS-PAGE; MALDI-TOF; LC-MS/MS | Sixty-six proteins were positively identified |
| Wu Y, et al. (2009) [40] | gAP; PH | WUS | 5 gAP; 5 PH | 2DE; LC-MS/MS | Eleven proteins exhibited a different level between gAP and PH subjects |
2DE: two dimensional electrophoresis; DM: diabetes mellitus; AUC: area under curve; BS: blood serum; CP: chronic periodontitis; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ESI: electrospray ionization; gAP: generalized aggressive periodontitis; GCF: gingival crevicular fluid; G: gingivitis; H: healthy; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; ICAT: isotope coded affinity tag; LC: liquid chromatography; LFQ: label-free quantitative; MALDI: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; MRM: multiple-reaction monitoring; MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry; mTRAQ: mass differential tags for relative and absolute quantification; P: periodontitis; PH: periodontally healthy; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SRM: selected reaction monitoring; OT: orthodontic treatment; WB: western blot; WUS: whole unstimulated saliva; WSS: whole stimulated saliva.