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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release by macrophages is regulated by substrate stiffness. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) (A) and RAW264.7 cells (B) were plated on fibronectin-coated 1, 20, and 150 kPa polyacrylamide gels for 18 h and stimulated for 24 h with media (−) or 3 μM CpG DNA (+). *Statistically significant; ns, not significant. [From Gruber et al. (85), with permission from Oxford University Press.]
