. 2020 May 19;89(3):426–445. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0968-5

Table 2.

Summary of studies with risk prediction models predicting functional outcomes of preterm neonates.

Risk Model (intended clinical use)	Study title, author, ref.	Cohort description, location	Variables (weighting)	Outcomes, age at outcome	Statistical analyses
NBRS (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Nursery neurobiologic risk score and outcome at 18 months, Lefebvre et al.²¹	Cohort born between 1987 and 1992 121 infants with ≤28 weeks GA in single NICU in Canada between 1987	Upon NICU discharge Assisted ventilation (cumulative days) Blood pH (hours below certain thresholds) Seizures (severity) IVH (severity) PVL (severity) Infection (positive blood cx to meningitis) Hypoglycemia (hours of duration) Score range of 0, 1, 2, and 4 for each variable Categorized as low (≤4), moderate (5–7), and high (≥8) risk	NDI defined as CP or DQ < 90 DQ from the Griffiths’ Mental Development Scales, testing locomotor, personal–social, hearing and speech, eye and hand coordination, and performance Disability (blindness, hearing loss) 18 months corrected age	Correlation coefficients, simple and multiple regressions, ROC, sensitivity/specificity, PPV/NPV ≥5 for any disability: Sensitivity: 81% Specificity: 54% PPV: 49% NPV: 84% ≥8 for any disability: Sensitivity: 56% Specificity: 87% PPV: 71% NPV: 78% Predicting any disability at 18 months: AUC: 0.79
NBRS (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Evaluation of the ability of neurobiological, neurodevelopmental, and socioeconomic variables to predict cognitive outcome in premature infants, Wickremasinghe et al.²²	67–129 infants born <32 weeks GA in single NICU in Minnesota between November 2001 and December 2006; sample size for each outcome measurement ranged from 78 to 48	Upon NICU discharge Assisted ventilation (cumulative days) Blood pH (hours below certain thresholds) Seizures (severity) IVH (severity) PVL (severity) Infection (positive blood cx to meningitis) Hypoglycemia (hours with it) Score range of 0, 1, 2, and 4 for each variable Categorized as low (≤4), moderate (5–7), and high (≥8) risk	Capute Scales, also known as CAT/CLAMS Calculate DQ for language, visual–motor problem solving, and overall cognitive development 6, 12, and 24 months corrected age	Multivariable linear regression models ρ = −0.5
CRIB (NICU Care Planning, General)	Increased survival and deteriorating developmental outcome in 23- to 25-week-old gestation infants, 1990–1994 compared with 1984–1989, Emsley et al.²³	40 infants born between 23 and 25 weeks GA in single England NICU between 1990 and 1994	First 12 h of NICU stay Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ (0 to 5)	Disability defined as CP, blindness due to ROP or other visual impairments, deafness, DQ < 70 based on Griffiths Scales Range of 19 months–10 years 7 months	P < 0.05 for difference in mean CRIB score between those with disability (8.6) and those without (5.8)
CRIB (NICU Care Planning, General)	Measurement properties of the CRIB-Reliability, validity beyond the first 12 h, and responsiveness over 7 days, Fowlie et al.^24,25	300 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 7 days of life between 1988 and 1990	First 12 h of life Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ in first 12 h (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ in first 12 h	Severe disability, defined as cannot sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 2 years corrected age	OR, HL, AUC OR: 1.21 (1.02, 1.44) HL: 10.22 (0.25) AUC: 0.71 (0.13)
CRIB24 (NICU Care Planning, General)	Measurement properties of the CRIB-Reliability, validity beyond the first 12 h, and responsiveness over 7 days Fowlie et al.^24,25	300 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 7 days of life between 1988 and 1990	First 24 h of life Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess between 13 and 24 h post delivery (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ between 13 and 24 h post delivery (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ between 13 and 24 h post delivery (0–5)	Severe disability, defined as cannot sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 2 years corrected age	OR, HL, AUC OR: 1.18 (0.99, 1.42) HL: 5.39 (0.72) AUC: 0.71 (0.13)
CRIB48 (NICU Care Planning, General)	Measurement properties of the CRIB-Reliability, validity beyond the first 12 h, and responsiveness over 7 days, Fowlie et al.^24,25	300 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 7 days of life between 1988 and 1990	First 48 h of life Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ between 25 and 48 h post delivery (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ between 25 and 48 h post delivery (0–5)	Severe disability, defined as cannot sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 2 years corrected age	OR, HL, AUC OR: 1.28 (1.09, 1.51) HL: 13.99 (0.01) AUC: 0.76 (0.12)
CRIB72 (NICU Care Planning, General)	Measurement properties of the CRIB-Reliability, validity beyond the first 12 h, and responsiveness over 7 days, Fowlie et al.^24,25	300 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 7 days of life between 1988 and 1990	First 72 h of life Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess between 49 and 72 h post delivery (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ between 49 and 72 h post delivery (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ between 49 and 72 h post delivery (0–5)	Severe disability, defined as cannot sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 2 years corrected age	OR, HL, AUC OR: 1.25 (1.04, 1.50) HL: 7.78 (0.46) AUC: 0.74 (0.12)
CRIB120 (NICU Care Planning, General)	Measurement properties of the CRIB-Reliability, validity beyond the first 12 h, and responsiveness over 7 days, Fowlie et al.^24,25	300 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 7 days of life between 1988 and 1990	First 120 h of life Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0– 3) Maximum base excess between 73 to 120 h post delivery (0 to 3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ between 73 to 120 h post delivery (0 to 4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ between 73 to 120 h post delivery (0 to 5)	Severe disability, defined as cannot sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 2 years corrected age	OR, HL, AUC OR: 1.46 (1.17, 1.82) HL: 8.70 (0.07) AUC: 0.82 (0.10)
CRIB168 (NICU Care Planning, General)	Measurement properties of the CRIB-Reliability, validity beyond the first 12 h, and responsiveness over 7 days, Fowlie et al.^24,25	300 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 7 days of life between 1988 and 1990	First 168 h of life Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ between 121 and 168 h post delivery (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ between 121 and 168 h post delivery (0–5)	Severe disability, defined as cannot sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 2 years corrected age	OR, HL, AUC OR: 1.40 (1.09, 1.79) HL: 9.11 (0.33) AUC: 0.78 (0.12)
CRIB72 + cranial ultrasound (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Predicting outcome in very low birth weight infants using an objective measure of illness severity and cranial ultrasound scanning, Fowlie et al.^24,25	240 infants born ≤1500 g or <31 weeks GA in six Scottish NICUs surviving to 3 days of life between 1988 and 1990	Day 3 of life Components of CRIB: Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess between 48 and 72 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ between 48 and 72 h (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ between 48 and 72 h (0–5) Total score of 23, threshold score of 5 Cranial ultrasound (IVH grades 0–4, divided into dichotomous 0–2 vs. 3 or 4)	Severe disability, defined as inability to sit unsupported, blind, deaf, and/or more than 12 months behind in any other field of development 18 months corrected age	Regression technique, HL, AUC HL: 5.09 (0.89) AUC: 0.675
CRIB (NICU Care Planning, General)	Is the CRIB score a valid tool for predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants?, Lago et al.²⁶	81 infants born GA <28 weeks and/or BW <1000 g in single NICU in Italy between January 1994 and December 1996	First 12 h of NICU stay Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ (0–5) Total score of 23, threshold score of 5	Major disability (MDI < 69, CP, and/or blind or deaf) 18 months corrected age	Logistic regression model, AUC AUC: 0.77
CRIB (NICU Care Planning, General)	The CRIB score and NDI at 1 year corrected age in very low birth weight infants, Bührer et al.²⁷	352 infants born <1500 g in single NICU in Germany between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1997	First 12 h of NICU stay Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0– 3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ (0–5) Total score of 23, threshold score of 5	Death or impairment, defined as DQ of 85 or below (<2 SDs) based on Griffith’s developmental test 1 year corrected age	AUC, sensitivity/specificity Impairment: AUC: 0.703 Sensitivity: 27.6% Specificity: 87.3% Poor outcome (impairment or death): AUC: 0.748 Sensitivity: 34.4% Specificity: 91.3%
CRIB (NICU Care Planning, General)	Can severity-of-illness indices for neonatal intensive care predict outcome at 4 years of age?, Eriksson et al.²⁸	156 infants born ≤1500 g and/or GA ≤31 weeks in 2 Swedish NICU’s between 1 July 1991 and 30 June 1995	First 12 h of NICU stay Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ (0–5) Total score of 23, threshold score of 5	Long-term morbidity, parent-response questionnaire asking for deviations in growth and psychomotor development, any neurosensory impairment, difficulties in concentration, and any impairment in vision, hearing, or pulmonary function; validated with info from Medical Health Services records in a subgroup 4 years of age	ROC curves with AUC analysis AUC = 0.61
CRIB (NICU Care Planning, General)	Neurodevelopment of children born very preterm and free of severe disabilities: the Nord-Pas de Calais Epipage cohort study, Charkaluk et al.²⁹	347 born before 33 weeks GA in the Nord-Pas de Calais area of France in 1997	First 12 h of NICU stay Birth weight (0–7) GA, weeks (0–1) Congenital malformations (0–3) Maximum base excess in first 12 h (0–3) Minimum appropriate FiO₂ (0–4) Maximum appropriate FiO₂ (0–5) Total score of 23, threshold score of 5	DQ based on revised Brune–Lezine Scale 2 years corrected age	Multivariate analysis p value for score >10: Global DQ: 0.26 Fine motor function: 0.57 Sociability: 0.24
Cumulative SNAP (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Chronic physiologic instability is associated with neurodevelopmental morbidity at one and two years in extremely premature infants, Mattia and deRegnier³⁰	96 infants with GA ≤30 weeks treated in single NICU in Minnesota between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 1994	Daily throughout NICU stay to create cumulative SNAP score based on worst values recorded each day Point range from 1 to 5, weighted, categorized by <25th, 25–75th, and >75th percentile Blood pressure, high/low Heart rate, high/low Respiratory rate, high Temperature Fahrenheit, low pO₂, high pO₂/FiO₂ ratio, low pCO₂, high Hematocrit, high/low WBC count, low Immature: total ratio, high Absolute neutrophils, low Platelet count, low BUN, high Creatinine, high Urine output, low Indirect bilirubin, high Direct bilirubin, high Sodium, high/low Potassium, high/low Calcium, high/low Glucose, high/low Serum bicarb, high/low Serum pH, low Seizure Apnea Stool guaiac test	MDI < 70 or PDI < 70 from Bayley II, CP 2–3 years, mean 26.1 months	Regression analyses Partial R² At 1 year: MDI < 70: 0.33 PDI < 70: 0.25 PDI < 70: 0.21 At 2–3 years: MDI < 70: 0.13 PDI < 70: 0.21
SNAP (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Can severity-of-illness indices for neonatal intensive care predict outcome at 4 years of age?, Eriksson et al.²⁸	156 infants born ≤1500 g and/or GA ≤31 weeks in 2 Swedish NICU’s between 1 July 1991 and 30 June 1995	First 24 h of NICU stay Blood pressure, high/low Heart rate, high/low Respiratory rate, high Temperature Fahrenheit, low pO₂, high pO₂/FiO₂ ratio, low pCO₂, high Hematocrit, high/low WBC count, low Immature: total ratio, high Absolute neutrophils, low Platelet count, low BUN, high Creatinine, high Urine output, low Indirect bilirubin, high Direct bilirubin, high Sodium, high/low Potassium, high/low Calcium, high/low Glucose, high/low Serum bicarb, high/low Serum pH, low Seizure Apnea Stool guaiac test	Long-term morbidity, parent-response questionnaire asking for deviations in growth and psychomotor development, any neurosensory impairment, difficulties in concentration, and any impairment in vision, hearing, or pulmonary function; validated with information from Medical Health Services records in a subgroup 4 years of age	Area under ROC curve AUC: 0.59
SNAP with Perinatal Extension (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Can severity-of-illness indices for neonatal intensive care predict outcome at 4 years of age?, Eriksson et al.²⁸	156 infants born ≤1500 g and/or GA ≤31 weeks in 2 Swedish NICU’s between 1 July 1991 and 30 June 1995	First 24 h of NICU stay Scored from 1 to 5 Blood pressure, high/low Heart rate, high/low Respiratory rate, high Temperature Fahrenheit, low pO₂, high pO₂/FiO₂ ratio, low pCO2, high Hematocrit, high/low WBC count, low Immature: total ratio, high Absolute neutrophils, low Platelet count, low BUN, high Creatinine, high Urine output, low Indirect bilirubin, high Direct bilirubin, high Sodium, high/low Potassium, high/low Calcium, high/low Glucose, high/low Serum bicarb, high/low Serum pH, low Seizure Apnea Stool guaiac test Birth weight Apgar at 5 min Small for gestational age	Long-term morbidity, parent-response questionnaire asking for deviations in growth and psychomotor development, any neurosensory impairment, difficulties in concentration, and any impairment in vision, hearing, or pulmonary function; validated with info from Medical Health Services records in a subgroup 4 years of age	Area under ROC curve AUC = 0.63
Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Can severity-of-illness indices for neonatal intensive care predict outcome at 4 years of age?, Eriksson et al.²⁸	156 infants born ≤1500 g and/or GA ≤31 weeks in 2 Swedish NICU’s between 1 July 1991 and 30 June 1995	First 24 h of NICU stay Total possible score of 93 Supplemental oxygen Surfactant administration Tracheostomy care Tracheostomy placement CPAP administration Endotracheal intubation Mechanical ventilation Mechanical ventilation with muscle relaxation HFV Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Indomethacin administration Volume expansion (15 mL/kg) Vasopressor administration (1 agent) Volume expansion (>15 mL/kg) Vasopressor administration (>1 agent) Pacemaker on standby Pacemaker used Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Antibiotic administration (2 agents) Diuretic administration (enteral) Steroid administration (postnatal) Anticonvulsant administration Aminophylline administration Other unscheduled medication Antibiotic administration (>2 agents) Diuretic administration (parenteral) Treatment of metabolic acidosis Potassium binding resin administration Frequent vital signs Cardiorespiratory monitoring Phlebotomy (5–10 blood draws) Thermoregulated environment Noninvasive oxygen monitoring Arterial pressure monitoring Central venous pressure monitoring Urinary catheter Quantitative intake and output Extensive phlebotomy (>10 blood draws) Gavage feeding Intravenous fat emulsion Intravenous amino acid solution Phototherapy Insulin administration Potassium infusion Intravenous γ-globulin Red blood cell transfusion (15 mL/kg) Partial volume exchange transfusion Red blood cell transfusion (>15 mL/kg) Platelet transfusion White blood cell transfusion Double volume exchange transfusion Transport of patient Single chest tube in place Minor operation Multiple chest tubes in place Thoracentesis Major operation Pericardiocentesis Pericardial tube in place Dialysis Peripheral intravenous line Arterial line Central venous line	Long-term morbidity, parent-response questionnaire asking for deviations in growth and psychomotor development, any neurosensory impairment, difficulties in concentration, and any impairment in vision, hearing, or pulmonary function; validated with info from Medical Health Services records in a subgroup 4 years of age	Area under ROC curve AUC: 0.59
Pre-NRN Regression Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Prediction of neurologic morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants, Ambalavanan et al.³¹	144 infants born ≤1000 g in single NICU in Alabama between January 1990 and December 1994	Maternal education (grade completed by first follow-up visit) Maternal age Neonatal gender Birth weight Gestational age Inborn/outborn/fetal referral Race Plurality Apgar at 5 min IVH RDS BPD PVL NEC Intestinal perforation PROM PIH C-section delivery Chorioamnionitis Antenatal steroids Antenatal MgSO₄	Major handicap, defined as CP, blindness, deafness, mental retardation, and/or hydrocephalus MDI < 68 PDI < 68 12–18 months of age	Stepwise regression, followed by applying to a test set (n = 74) AUC; specificity, PPV and NPV at 90% and 70% sensitivity Major handicap: AUC = 0.68 Specificity (90%): 35% PPV (90%): 34% NPV (90%): 90% Specificity (70%): 50% PPV (70%): 34% NPV (70%): 82% MDI < 68: AUC = 0.66 Specificity (90%): 25% PPV (90%): 16% NPV (90%): 94% Specificity (70%): 53% PPV (70%): 19% NPV (70%): 92% PDI < 68: AUC = 0.75 Specificity (90%): 52% PPV (90%): 33% NPV (90%): 94% Specificity (70%): 69% PPV (70%): 38% NPV (70%): 89%
Neural Network Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Prediction of neurologic morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants, Ambalavanan et al.³¹	144 infants born ≤1000 g in single NICU in Alabama between January 1990 and December 1994	Maternal education (grade completed by first follow-up visit) Maternal age Neonatal gender Birth weight Gestational age Inborn/outborn/fetal referral Race Plurality Apgar at 5 min IVH RDS BPD PVL NEC Intestinal perforation PROM PIH C-section delivery Chorioamnionitis Antenatal steroids Antenatal MgSO₄	Presence or absence of major handicap, defined as CP, blindness, deafness, mental retardation, and/or hydrocephalus MDI < 68 PDI < 68 12–18 months of age	Four-layer back-propagation network was trained on the training set and used to predict outcome AUC; specificity, PPV, and NPV at 90% and 70% sensitivity Major handicap: AUC = 0.62 Specificity (90%): 17% PPV (90%): 29% NPV (90%):82% Specificity (70%): 30% PPV (70%): 27% NPV (70%): 73% MDI < 68 AUC = 0.75 Specificity (90%): 31% PPV (90%): 17% NPV (90%): 95% Specificity (70%): 62% PPV (70%): 23% NPV (70%): 95% PDI < 68 AUC = 0.69 Specificity (90%): 35% PPV (90%): 27% NPV (90%): 91% Specificity (70%): 52% PPV (70%): 28% NPV (70%): 86%
3-Morbidity Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Impact of BPD, brain injury, and severe retinopathy on the outcome of extreme low birth weight infants at 18 months: results from the TIPP, Schmidt et al.³²	910 infants born 500 to 999 g internationally (TIPP trial) between 1996 and 1998	36 weeks PMA BPD Serious brain injury Severe ROP	Death, poor outcome defined as CP, MDI < 70, hearing loss requiring amplification, bilateral blindness 18 months corrected age	Logistic regression, χ² analysis, OR Rates of death/disability: None: 18% (14% - 22%) Any 1: 42% (37% - 47%) Any 2: 62% (53% - 70%) All 3: 88% (64% - 99%) OR for morbidity count: 2.9 (2.4–3.5)
3-Morbiditity Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Impact at age 11 years of major neonatal morbidities in children born extremely preterm, Farooqi et al.³³	97 infants born <26 weeks GA nationwide in Sweden between March 1990 and April 1992	36 weeks PMA BPD Serious brain injury Severe ROP	Poor outcome (death, survival with moderate/severe CP, severe visual impairment, moderate to severe hearing loss in both ears, severe mental retardation) 11 years	χ², Fisher’s exact, multivariate logistic regression Likelihood of poor outcome; ORs None: 10% 1: 19%; OR: 3.2 to 18.8 Any 2: 58%; OR: 5.0 to 19.1 All 3: 80% (50 to 100); OR: 13.4
3-Morbidity Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Prediction of late death or disability at age 5 years using a count of three neonatal morbidities in very low birth weights, Schmidt et al.¹⁵	1514 infants born 500 to 1250 g internationally (caffeine trial) between 1999 and 2004	36 weeks PMA BPD Serious brain injury Severe ROP	Death, disability (motor impairment, cognitive impairment, behavior problems, poor general health, deafness, and/or blindness) “Poor general health” defined as supplemental oxygen, need for positive airway pressure, feeding tube, seizure more than once per month, or recent ICU admission for NICU-related complication 5 years corrected age	Dichotomous values compared with Fisher’s exact test, various logistic regression models Likelihood of poor general health; ORs: None: 11.2%; OR: 1.0 Any 1: 22.9%; OR: 2.4 Any 2: 34.9%; OR: 6.2 All 3: 61.5%; OR: 12.7
4-Morbidity Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Effect of severe neonatal morbidities on long-term outcome in extremely low birth weight infants, Koo et al.³⁴	80 infants born <1000 g in single NICU in Korea between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2007	36 weeks PMA BPD Serious brain injury Severe ROP Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis	Poor outcome (death or survival with neurosensory impairment defined as CP, delayed development, hearing loss, or blindness) 18–24 months corrected age	Multiple logistic regression analysis Rates of death/disability: None: 9% Any 1: 46% Any 2: 69% Any 3: 100%
Classification Tree Model (NICU Care Planning, General)	Early prediction of poor outcome in extremely low birth weight infants by classification tree analysis, Ambalavanan et al.³⁵	1046 infants 500–999 g in birth weight surviving to 8 days GA enrolled internationally (TIPP) between January 1996 and March 1998	Upon birth, 4 days GA, and 8 days GA Classification trees where model branches as it progresses Antenatal model: GA ≤25.5 weeks Non-white race Three-day model: BW ≤787 g Total fluid intake <101 ml/kg/day Seven-day model: BW ≤787 g RBC transfusion >3 ml/kg/day	Death or NDI, defined as CP, cognitive delay (MDI < 70), hearing loss, and bilateral blindness 18–22 months corrected age	Tree models using development set of data (75%), choosing set of binary splits Validation set (25%) Antenatal model: Sensitivity: 49% (40–59%) Specificity: 71% (63–78%) PPV: 58% (47–67%) NPV: 64% (56–71%) Accuracy: 61% (55–67%) Three-day model: Sensitivity: 31% (23–40%) Specificity: 86% (80–91%) PPV: 64% (50–77%) NPV: 61% (54–68%) Accuracy: 62% (56–68%) Seven-day model: Sensitivity: 34% (25–43%) Specificity: 83% (76–89%) PPV: 61% (48–73%) NPV: 61% (54–68%) Accuracy: 61% (55–67%)
NRI (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Consequences and risks of <1000 g birth weight for neuropsychological skills, achievement, and adaptive functioning, Taylor et al.³⁶	204 infants born <1000 g in single Ohio NICU between January 1992 and December 1995	Upon NICU discharge Ultrasound evidence for grade I/II IVH (1) Grade III/IV IVH, PVL, or ventricular dilatation (2) Oxygen requirement at 28 days (1) Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks (2) CA Septicemia (1) Jaundice of prematurity (1) Apnea of prematurity (1) NEC (1) Increased risk with NRI > 3	Significantly decreased NEPSY, which in turn is a mediator for decreased academic performance measured by Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement 3rd Edition (WJ-III; letter word identification, spelling, calculation, and academic skills) 8 years	Linear regression analysis, fitted separately and adjusted sex, race, parental SES, family stressors, and family resources Model 1 (NRI adjusted for socioeconomic factors) R²: WJ-III Letter Word ID: 0.26 WJ-III Spelling: 0.21 WJ-III Calculation: 0.16 WJ-III Academic Skills: 0.26 Model 2 (addition of NEPSY) R²: WJ-III Letter Word ID: 0.56 Beta weights: NRI > 3 to NEPSY: −0.24 NEPSY to WJ-III: 0.68 Sobel test = −4.39, p < 0.001
“Early” Clinical Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Clinical data predict neurodevelopmental outcome better than head ultrasound in extremely low birth weight infants, Broitman et al.³⁷	2103 extremely low birth weight (401–1000 g) infants admitted to any NRN NICU from 1 January 1998 to 30 June 2001	Early = postnatal day 28 “Early” model (variables that could be assessed by postnatal day 28) • Male • Race (black and non-Hispanic vs. others) • Birth weight (100 g increments) • Surfactant • Late-onset sepsis • Seizure • HFV	NDI defined as MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, deafness, and/or blindness; used Bayley Scales II 18–22 months corrected age	Stepwise variable selection followed by multiple logistic regression analysis, AUC Divided cohort into development set (70%) and validation set (30%) AUC: 0.68
“All” Clinical Model (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Clinical Data predict neurodevelopmental outcome better than head ultrasound in extremely low birth weight infants, Broitman et al.³⁷	2103 extremely low birth weight (401–1000 g) infants admitted to any NRN NICU from 1 January 1998 to 30 June 2001	Up to 120 days of age • Male • Race • Surfactant • Late-onset sepsis • Supplemental O₂ at 36 weeks PMA (CLD) • Threshold for ROP	NDI defined as MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, deafness, and/or blindness; used Bayley Scales II 18–22 months corrected age	Stepwise variable selection followed by multiple logistic regression analysis Divided cohort into development set (70%) and validation set (30%) AUC: 0.68
5-Factor Model (NICU Care Planning, General)	Intensive care for extreme prematurity—moving beyond gestational age, Tyson et al.¹³	4446 infants born 22–25 weeks GA and between 401 and 1000 g in US nationwide (NICHD) born between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2003	Upon delivery Gestational age Sex Exposure to antenatal corticosteroids within 7 days prior to delivery Plurality Birth weight	Survival without NDI, survival with NDI, survival with profound NDI NDI defined as PDI/MDI < 70, moderate to severe CP, bilateral blindness, or bilateral hearing loss Profound ≤50 Bayley or adult assistance required to move 18–22 months corrected age	Logistic mixed model, bootstrap estimates AUC, HL: AUC (death): 0.753 AUC (death or profound NDI): 0.751 HL: not significant
5-Factor Model (NICU Care Planning, General)	Infant outcomes after periviable birth: external validation of the NRN estimator with the BEAM trial, Marrs et al.³⁸	289 infants born at 23 0/7–25 6/7 weeks GA who were mechanically ventilated between December 1997 and May 2004	Upon delivery Gestational age Sex Exposure to antenatal corticosteroids within 7 days prior to delivery Plurality Birth weight	Survival without NDI, survival with NDI, survival with profound NDI NDI defined as PDI/MDI < 70, moderate to severe CP, bilateral blindness, or bilateral hearing loss Profound ≤50 Bayley or adult assistance required to move 18–22 months corrected age	AUC, HL, Brier score: AUC (death): 0.70 HL (death): not significant Brier (death): 0.17 AUC (death or profound NDI): 0.64 HL (death or profound NDI): significant Brier (death or profound NDI): 0.22 AUC (death or NDI): 0.71 Brier (death or NDI): 0.21 HL (death or NDI): not significant
CRIB-II (NICU Care Planning, General)	CRIB score for the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years of age in infants of very low birth weight, Lodha et al.³⁹	107 infants born <1250 g in single NICU in Canada between January 2000 and December 2001	Within first hour of birth Gender Gestational age (weeks) Birth weight (g) Admission temperature Base deficit (total score of 13 or above out of 27)	Major neurodevelopmental disability (CP, neurosensory hearing loss requiring amplification, legal blindness, severe seizure disorder, and/or cognitive score more than 2 SD below mean for adjusted age determined by Wechler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Bayley Scales II, or revised Leiter International Performance Scale) 3 years corrected age	Logistic regression and bootstrap estimates, AUC, sensitivity/Specificity AUC (major NDI): 0.84 Sensitivity: 83.3% Specificity: 84.2% AUC (death or major NDI): 0.82
CRIB-II (NICU Care Planning, General)	Can the early condition at admission of a high-risk infant aid in the prediction of mortality and poor neurodevelopmental outcome? A population study in Australia, Greenwood et al.⁴⁰	1328 infants born <29 weeks gestation admitted to 10 NICUs in Australia between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2003	Within first hour of birth Gender Gestational age (weeks) Birth weight (g), Admission temperature Base deficit (total score of 13 or above out of 27)	Moderate to severe functional disability, defined as ≤2 SDs on GMDS or BSID-II, non-ambulatory CP, bilateral blindness, or bilateral deafness 2–3 years corrected age	Area under ROC curve AUC: 0.68
Autism Prediction Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm children, Johnson et al.⁴¹	189 infants born <26 weeks GA in United Kingdom and Ireland between March and December 1995	Prior to NICU discharge Male sex Gestational age ≤24 weeks Any breast milk Abnormal cranial US scanning results Vaginal breech delivery	Autism spectrum disorder, based on parental screening questionnaire called Social Communication Questionnaire 11 years of age	Univariate and multivariate linear regression R²: 19.7%
SNAP-II (NICU Care Planning, General)	SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II and the risk of structural and functional brain disorders in extremely low gestational age newborns: the ELGAN study, Dammann et al.⁴²	1149 infants <28 weeks GA in US nationwide (ELGAN study) born between 2002 and 2004	12 h post delivery Lowest mean BP Lowest temp. pO₂/FiO₂ Lowest serum pH Presence of multiple seizures Low urine output	Cerebral US lesions in the NICU, low MDI, low PDI, autism spectrum disorder, small head circumference (Z-score <−2) 24 months corrected age	Logistic regression ORs Bayley Scales: SNAP-II in highest decile for gestational age predicting PDI < 55: 1.8 (1.1–3.2) MDI < 55: 2.0 (1.1–3.5) Autism positive screening: SNAP-II in highest quartile for GA: 1.7 (1.2–2.4) Small head circumference at 24 months (Z-score < −2): SNAP-II in highest quartile for GA: 1.8 (1.1–2.9)
SNAPPE-II (NICU Care Planning, General)	SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II and the risk of structural and functional brain disorders in extremely low gestational age newborns: the ELGAN study, Dammann et al.⁴²	1149 infants <28 weeks GA in US nationwide (ELGAN study) born between 2002 and 2004	12 h post delivery Lowest mean BP Lowest temp. pO₂/FiO₂ Lowest serum pH Presence of multiple seizures Low urine output Birth weight Apgar at 5 min Small for gestational age	Cerebral US lesions in the NICU, low MDI, low PDI, autism spectrum disorder, small head circumference (Z-score <−2) 24 months corrected age	Logistic regression ORs Bayley Scales: SNAPPE-II in highest quartile for gestational age predicting PDI < 55: 1.8 (1.2–2.7) MDI < 55: 1.8 (1.2–2.8) Autism positive screening: SNAPPE-II in highest quartile for GA: 1.8 (1.3–2.5) Small head circumference at 24 months (Z-score < −2) SNAPPE-II in highest quartile for GA 2.3 (1.4–3.7)
SNAP-II (NICU Care Planning, General)	Early postnatal illness severity scores predict NDIs at 10 years of age in children born extremely preterm, Logan et al.⁴³	874 infants born <28 weeks GA in nationwide NICUs (ELGAN study) between 2002 and 2004	Within 12 h of life Lowest mean BP Lowest temp. pO₂/FiO₂ Lowest serum pH Presence of multiple seizures Low urine output Higher risk with score ≥30 Intermediate category with score 20–29	Cognitive impairment (IQ, executive function, language ability) Adverse neurological outcomes (epilepsy, impaired gross motor function) Behavioral abnormalities (attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity), social dysfunction (autism spectrum disorder) and education-related adversities (school achievement and need for educational supports) 10 years	ORs comparing categories of SNAP-II score and association with Z-score ≤1 for each outcome 11 of 18 cognitive outcomes associated with SNAP-II ≥ 30 and 6 of 18 associated with SNAP-II of 20 to 29; ORs ranged from 1.4 to 2.1 2 of 8 social dysfunctions associated with SNAP-II ≥ 30 and 3 of 8 social dysfunctions associated with SNAP-II 20 to 29; OR ranged from 1.6 to 2.3
Social Risk with Cranial MRI Abnormalities (Post-discharge Care Planning)	High prevalence/low severity language delay in preschool children born very preterm, Foster-Cohen et al.⁴⁴	110 very preterm children born ≤33 weeks gestation or ≤1500 g birth weight in one NICU in New Zealand between November 1998 and December 2000	Term-equivalent age Minority ethnicity Early motherhood (<25 at childbirth) Maternal education (left secondary school early or only completed secondary school) Single parent family at birth SES assessed with Elley–Irving Socioeconomic Index (higher vs. lower) • Professional • Managerial • Clerical/technical • Skilled • Semi-skilled (lower) • Unskilled (lower) • Unemployed (lower) • White matter abnormalities on MRI at term-equivalent age, graded according to five 3-point scales (white matter signal abnormalities, periventricular white matter volume loss, presence of periventricular white matter cysts, ventricular dilation, and thinning of corpus callosum); divided into three groups: • No abnormalities • Mild abnormalities • Moderate to severe abnormalities	Language development using CELF-P; delay defined as score greater than 1 SD below mean from full-term group 4 years corrected age	Multiple regression analysis R²: 0.18
Rehospitalization Risk Regression Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Identification of extremely premature infants at high risk of rehospitalization, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	3787 infants born between 400 and 1000 g in nationwide NICUs (NIHCD) between 2002 and 2005	Upon NICU discharge Yes/No point-based model, where every “No” is 1.0 point Shunt for hydrocephalus (4.5) Infant in hospital >120 days due to pulmonary reasons (1.9) Proven NEC or spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation (1.6) FiO₂ at 36 weeks: 0.21–0.28 (1.3), >0.28 (1.6) Male (1.3) Score range of 5–10.9	Rehospitalization, defined as at least one overnight stay in hospital since initial discharge from hospital or to a chronic care facility 18–22 months corrected age	Logistic regression, AUC, HL, sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV AUC: 0.63 R² = 0.059 Max rescaled R² = 0.079 HL: 0.16 Sensitivity: >5.0 = 100 >5.3 = 75 >5.6 = 42 >8.5 = 5 Specificity: >5.0 = 0 >5.3 = 40 >5.6 = 79 >8.5 = 99 PPV: >5.0 = 46 >5.3 = 52 >5.6 = 63 >8.5 = 80 NPV: >5.0 = 0 >5.3 = 65 >5.6 = 61 >8.5 = 55
Rehospitalization Risk CART Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Identification of extremely premature infants at high risk of rehospitalization, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	3787 infants born between 400 and 1000 g in nationwide NICUs (NIHCD) between 2002 and 2005	Upon NICU discharge Step-based yes/no classification tree Hospital for pulmonary reasons >120 days Shunt for hydrocephalus ≥43 days on mechanical ventilation Male	Rehospitalization, defined as at least one overnight stay in hospital since initial discharge from hospital or to a chronic care facility 18–22 months corrected age	Misclassification rate: 0.40
Rehospitalization for Pulmonary Reasons Risk Regression Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Identification of extremely premature infants at high risk of rehospitalization, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	3438 infants born between 400 and 1000 g in nationwide NICUs (NIHCD) between 2002 and 2005	Upon NICU discharge Yes/No point-based model, where every “No” is 1.0 point Discharge on bronchodilators (2.6) Infant in hospital >120 days due to pulmonary reasons (1.9) No private insurance (1.5) Episodes of late-onset culture-negative infection treated with antibiotics for >5 days: 1 (1.3), >1 (1.4) Male (1.3) Score range of 5–7.8	Rehospitalization, defined as at least one overnight stay in hospital since initial discharge from hospital or to a chronic care facility, due a respiratory cause 18–22 months corrected age	Logistic regression, AUC, HL, sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV AUC = 0.63 R² = 0.026 Max-rescaled R² = 0.045 HL: 0.35 Sensitivity: >5.0 = 100 >5.5 = 86 >6.0 = 45 >6.5 = 25 Specificity: >5.0 = 0 >5.5 = 23 >6.0 = 74 >6.5 = 88 PPV: >5.0 = 15 >5.5 = 16 >6.0 = 23 >6.5 = 26 NPV: >5.0 = 0 >5.5 = 91 >6.0 = 89 >6.5 = 87
Rehospitalization for Pulmonary Reasons Risk CART Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Identification of extremely premature infants at high risk of rehospitalization, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	3787 infants born between 400 and 1000 g in nationwide NICUs (NIHCD) between 2002 and 2005	Upon NICU discharge Step-based yes/no classification tree If ≥22 days on mechanical ventilation: FiO₂ at 36 weeks PMA > 0.25 Maternal age ≤23 years If <22 days on mechanical ventilation: Discharged on oxygen at >120 days Late-onset culture-negative sepsis requiring antibiotics for ≥5 days	Rehospitalization, defined as at least one overnight stay in hospital since initial discharge from hospital or to a chronic care facility, due a respiratory cause 18–22 months corrected age	Misclassification rate: 0.42
Autism Spectrum Disorder Model with NRN-Derived Cohort (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Screening for autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm infants, Stephens et al.⁴⁶	554 infants born <27 weeks at 15 NICUs that were part of NRN, enrolled at follow-up between 1 November 2008 and 8 April 2010	Upon NICU discharge Birth weight (kg) Male Multiple birth BPD NEC Sepsis IVH/PVL Days in hospital Maternal age >35 Race (non-White) Maternal education (less than high school grad, high school grad, or more than high school grad) Medicaid	Autism spectrum disorder using three tests: Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test, Second edition Stage 2, Response to Joint Attention, and Response to Name 18 months corrected age	Logistic regression, AUC AUC: 0.77
Outcome Trajectory (delivery, death/NDI) (NICU Care Planning, General)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	8713 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	Delivery Birth weight (g) Apgar at 5 min Male gender GA (weeks) Antenatal steroids	Death/NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, or bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.783
Outcome Trajectory (delivery, NDI) (NICU Care Planning, General)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	8713 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	Delivery Birth weight (g) Male gender Intubation Inborn	NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.659
Outcome Trajectory (7 days, death/NDI) (NICU Care Planning, General)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	6996 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	7 days of life Birth weight (g) Highest FiO₂ on day 7 Male gender IVH grade (diagnosed by day 7) Days on CPAP	Death/NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.724
Outcome Trajectory (7 days, NDI) (NICU Care Planning, General)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	6996 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	7 days of life Birth weight (g) Male gender Days on CPAP (to day 7) Apgar at 5 min Days on HFV (to day 7) Days on CV (to day 7)	NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.676
Outcome Trajectory (28 days, death/NDI) (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	6241 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	28 days of life Highest FiO₂ on day 28 Episodes of late-onset culture-negative clinical infection Days parenteral feeding to day 28 Days on CPAP to day 28 Male gender Birth weight (g)	Death/NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.721
Outcome Trajectory (28 days, NDI) (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	6241 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	28 days of life Episodes of late-onset culture-negative clinical infection Days on CV to 28 days Days on HFV to 28 days Male gender	NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.686
Outcome Trajectory (36 weeks PMA, death/NDI) (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	5118 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	36 weeks PMA Days on CV to 36 weeks Days on HFV to 36 weeks Ventricular size enlarged on ultrasound (day 28 to 36 weeks) Male gender PVL or porencephalic cyst on ultrasound (day 28 to 36 weeks) BPD (on ventilator or CPAP at 36 weeks)	Death/NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.741
Outcome Trajectory (36 weeks PMA, NDI) (NICU Care Planning, Medically Complex)	Outcome trajectories in extremely preterm infants, Ambalavanan et al.⁴⁵	5118 infants born between 401 and 1000 g BW nationwide (NICHD) between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2005	36 weeks PMA Days on CV (to 36 weeks) PVL or porencephalic cyst on ultrasound (day 28 to 36 weeks) Days on HFV (to 36 weeks) Male gender Ventricular size enlarged on ultrasound (day 28 to 36 weeks)	NDI (MDI < 70, PDI < 70, CP, bilateral blindness, bilateral need for hearing aids) 18–22 months corrected age	Multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression models, AUC AUC: 0.716
Perinatal Risk Factor Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Perinatal risk factors for neurocognitive impairments in preschool children born very preterm, Potharst et al.⁴⁷	102 infants born <30 weeks GA or <1000 g in single Netherlands NICU between 2007 and 2009	Upon NICU discharge SES (level of parental education, low, medium, high) Parental foreign country of birth Gestational age Very small for gestational age Sex BPD Indomethacin for PDA Abnormal ultrasound Sepsis and/or meningitis	Relative to control group, lower: Intelligence based on Wechsler Processing speed Executive functioning Attention Visual–motor coordination Face recognition Emotion recognition 5 years corrected age	Regression analyses R² (Visual–motor): 0.19 R² (reaction time/attention): 0.23 R² (emotion/face recognition): 0.18 R² (accuracy/attention): 0.10 R² (working memory): 0.21
5-Morbidity Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	Correlations between initial neonatal and early childhood outcomes following preterm birth, Manuck et al.⁴⁸	459 infants born <34 weeks gestation in multiple NICU’s nationwide between December 1997 and May 2004 (NICHHD Network from Magnesium trial)	Upon NICU discharge IVH and/or PVL BPD ROP NEC Sepsis Model controlled for gestational age, chorioamnionitis, maternal education, maternal race, fetal sex, treatment group assignment (magnesium vs. control), and maternal use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or drugs during pregnancy	Death or NDI as determined by moderate or severe CP and/or PDI and/or MDI scores >2 SD below the mean 2 years corrected age	Multiple logistic regression models, AUC For entire preterm group AUCs: None: 0.66 (0.63–0.69) Any 1: 0.62 (0.58–0.66) Any 2: 0.65 (0.61–0.69) Any 3: 0.64 (0.60–0.69) Any 4: 0.65 (0.60–0.69) All 5: 0.61 (0.56–0.65) Individual combinations ranged from 0.61 to 0.68 <28 weeks GA AUCs: None: 0.64 (0.59–0.69) Any 1: 0.66 (0.58–0.74) Any 2: 0.66 (0.58–0.73) Any 3: 0.69 (0.60–0.77) Any 4: 0.74 (0.64–0.83) All 5: 0.67 (0.53–0.82) Individual combinations ranged from 0.64 to 0.77
Perinatal Post-Prematurity Respiratory Disease Model (Post-discharge Care Planning)	BPD and perinatal characteristics predict one-year respiratory outcomes in extremely low gestational age newborns, Keller et al.⁴⁹	697 infants born at 23 0/7–28 6/7 weeks GA at six academic centers	At delivery GA (per week) IUGR Male sex Smoking during pregnancy Intubation at birth Infant race Public insurance Parent with asthma	Respiratory morbidity on at least two caregiver questionnaires given 3, 6, 9, and 12 months corrected age (hospitalization for respiratory indication, home respiratory support, respiratory medication administration, or respiratory symptoms)	Multivariate analyses, ROC, and c-statistic c-Statistic = 0.858
30 Days PMA Post-Prematurity Respiratory Disease (Post-discharge Care Planning)	BPD and perinatal characteristics predict one-year respiratory outcomes in extremely low gestational age Newborns, Keller et al.⁴⁹	679 infants born at 23 0/7–28 6/7 weeks GA at six academic centers	36 weeks PMA or at NICU discharge IUGR Male sex Smoking during pregnancy Intubation at birth Infant race Public insurance Low breast milk exposure Growth failure at 36 weeks GA BPD (none/mild, moderate, severe)	Respiratory morbidity on at least two caregiver questionnaires given 3, 6, 9, and 12 months corrected age (hospitalization for respiratory indication, home respiratory support, respiratory medication administration, or respiratory symptoms)	Multivariate analyses, ROC and c-statistic c-Statistic = 0.856

NBRS Nursery Neurobiologic Risk Score, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, PVL periventricular leukomalacia, NDI neurodevelopmental impairment, CP cerebral palsy, DQ developmental quotient, ROC receiver operating characteristic, PPV positive predictive value, NPV negative predictive value, CRIB Clinical Risk Index for Babies, ROP retinopathy of prematurity, MDI mental development index, SNAP Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology, PDI psychomotor development index, NRN Neonatal Research Network, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, PROM premature rupture of membranes, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, PMA post-menstrual age, SES socioeconomic status, NICHD National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, HFV high-frequency ventilator, CV conventional ventilator, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, IUGR intrauterine growth restriction, CAT/CLAMS Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale, OR odds ratio, HL Hosmer–Lemeshow, AUC area under ROC curve, ROC receiver operating characteristic curve, TIPP Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms, IQ intelligence quotient, NRI Neonatal Risk Index, NEPSY Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, GMDS Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales, CELF-P Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, SD standard deviation.