Table 7.
Serum biochemical parameters of male and female rats treated with various palm puree doses for 28 d in a subchronic toxicity study. Data are means ± SD for groups of five animals/sex/dose. * (p < 0.05) vs. control group.
| Parameters | Dose (mg kg−1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | |
| Male | ||||
| Trig (mM) | 1.07 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.15 * | 0.83 ± 0.25 * | 0.87 ± 0.32 * |
| LDL (mM) | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.64 ± 0.1 | 0.63 ± 0.1 | 0.51 ± 0.07 |
| HDL (mM) | 1.25 ± 0.28 | 1.12 ± 0.27 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.23 ± 0.08 |
| Chol (mM) | 2.44 ± 0.16 | 2.64 ± 0.17 | 2.47 ± 0.56 | 2.52 ± 0.51 |
| LDH (mM) | 2202.75 ± 25.8 | 1824.42 ± 31.5 * | 1994.61 ± 17.5 * | 1838.24 ± 11.7 * |
| Lact (mM) | 5.01 ± 0.64 | 5.96 ± 3.21 | 4.91 ± 0.64 | 5.34 ± 0.78 |
| CK (U L−1) | 1408.52 ± 14.67 | 1164.25 ± 23.78 * | 1112.23 ± 41.12 * | 1319.2 ± 25.61 |
| Total protein (g L−1) | 54.83 ± 0.62 | 54.74 ± 0.10 | 55.46 ± 0.18 | 54.68 ± 0.82 |
| Albumin (g L−1) | 36.73 ± 0.45 | 28.8 ± 0.5060 | 36.76 ± 0.55 | 35.64 ± 0.94 |
| Na (mM) | 142.25 ± 0.26 | 142 ± 2.35 | 143.4 ± 0.89 | 139.6 ± 0.52 |
| K (mM) | 6.03 ± 0.99 | 5.26 ± 0.38 | 4.56 ± 0.29 * | 4.98 ± 0.39 * |
| Cl (mM) | 101.25 ± 0.96 | 100.8 ± 0.30 | 101.6 ± 0.52 | 99.2 ± 0.64 |
| Uric acid (µM) | 66.58 ± 5.42 | 78.15 ± 3.67 | 58.93 ± 1.16 | 56.68 ± 6.0 * |
| Urea (mM) | 7.85 ± 2.25 | 8.22 ± 1.54 | 7.14 ± 0.61 | 8.20 ± 0.39 |
| Creatinine (mM) | 56.25 ± 4.27 | 57.8 ± 6.57 | 56.0 ± 3.39 | 57.0 ± 4.30 |
| ALT (mM) | 65.7 ± 1.60 | 83.06 ± 1.47 | 72.02 ± 1.56 | 74.68 ± 5.91 * |
| ALP (U L−1) | 135.0 ± 8.12 | 152.2 ± 3.64 | 146.4 ± 2.68 | 162.4 ± 7.42 |
| AST (U L−1) | 200.3 ± 17.53 | 172.08 ± 13.6 | 177.9 ± 35.52 | 186.04 ± 36.37 |
| Glucose (mM) | 14.48 ± 2.23 | 15.62 ± 4.36 | 14.36 ± 2.44 | 15.74 ± 6.19 |
| Phos (mM) | 3.22 ± 0.32 | 2.53 ± 0.43 | 2.3 ± 0.29 | 2.02 ± 0.71 |
| Amylose (U L−1) | 1839.50 ± 87.9 | 2303.80 ± 70.5 | 2294.0 ± 92.35 | 2439.6 ± 65.26 |
| Female | ||||
| Trig (mM) | 1.00 ± 0.32 | 1.27 ± 0.48 | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 0.84 ± 0.19 * |
| Total protein (g L−1) | 58.96 ± 0.21 | 61.3 ± 047 | 55.48 ± 0.30 | 55.48 ± 0.30 |
| LDL (mM) | 0.32 ± 0.11 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.07 |
| HDL (mM) | 1.11 ± 0.23 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.19 | 1.21 ± 0.10 |
| Chol (mM) | 2.51 ± 0.38 | 2.53 ± 0.51 | 1.84 ± 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.46 |
| LDH (mM) | 2173.6 ± 81.65 | 2085.20 ± 74.10 | 2083 ± 83.74 | 1982.34 ± 65.57 |
| Lact (mM) | 6.27 ± 0.11 | 6.44 ± 1.01 | 6.10 ± 1.71 | 6.76 ± 1.91 |
| CK (U L−1) | 1163 ± 11.70 | 1187 ± 12.64 | 1110.6 ± 12.31 | 1129.5 ± 16.72 |
| Total protein (g L−1) | 58.96 ± 1.21 | 61.3 ± 2.47 | 56.08 ± 1.18 | 55.48 ± 2.30 |
| Albumin (g L−1) | 40.22 ± 5.5 | 42.26 ± 9.2 | 39.06 ± 7.91 | 39.12 ±.4.7 |
| Na (mM) | 144.2 ± 0.13 | 143.4 ± 0.67 | 144.2 ± 0.84 | 144.6 ± 0.36 |
| K (mM) | 4.48 ± 0.52 | 5.4 ± 0.76 | 4.74 ± 0.94 | 5.28 ± 0.62 |
| Cl (mM) | 101.24 ± 1.19 | 100.65 ± 1.14 | 103.27 ± 0.84 | 104.02 ± 2.74 |
| Uric acid (µM) | 59.98 ± 0.97 | 50.16 ± 0.46 | 57.10 ± 0.91 | 63.10 ± 2.19 |
| Urea (mM) | 7.36 ± 0.61 | 8.14 ± 0.61 | 8.44 ± 0.59 | 8.92 ± 1.33 |
| Creatinine (mM) | 57.21 ± 2.68 | 56.2 ± 3.70 | 55.6 ± 3.78 | 58.4 ± 2.30 |
| ALT (mM) | 49.97 ± 1.53 | 49.17 ± 0.20 | 45.88 ± 7.38 | 43.74 ± 6.64 |
| ALP (U L−1) | 120.46 ± 0.36 | 114.64 ± 2.52 | 134.22 ± 0.64 | 141.08 ± 1.66 |
| AST (U L−1) | 143.71 ± 15.43 | 150.31 ± 31.62 | 162.25 ± 52.12 | 152.67 ± 34.88 |
| Glucose (mM) | 11.7 ± 2.50 | 11.04 ± 0.43 | 13.32 ± 0.33 | 13.64 ± 0.52 |
| Phos (mM) | 2.25 ± 0.33 | 2.26 ± 0.22 | 2.06 ± 0.65 | 2.02 ± 0.43 |
| Amylose (U L−1) | 1813.16 ± 85.25 | 1708.48 ± 73.20 | 1424.10 ± 87.25 | 1575.23 ± 69.27 |
AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, CK: creatine kinase, HDL: high density lipoprotein, Na: sodium, K: potassium, Cl: chloride, Lact: lactate, Ca: calcium, Chol: cholesterol, Phos: phosphorus, Trig: triglycerides.