Table 4.
Vaccine approaches against voronaviruses.
| Vaccine/Vector | Disease | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live attenuated | BCoV | High Ab titers against BCoV in calves | [131] |
| BCoV | Approved nasal vaccine in calves | [132] | |
| BCoV vaccine | ECoV | Increased Ab titers against ECoV | [133] |
| Plasmid DNA | SARS-CoV | Humoral and cellular immune responses in mice | [141] |
| DNA-CTE/PRE | SARS-CoV | nAbs, protection against SARS-CoV in mice | [142] |
| DNA/PEI NPs | SARS-CoV | NPs induced humoral and cellular responses in mice after intranasal administration | [143] |
| TCoV | Humoral response, partial TCoV protection | [144] | |
| DNA + protein | TGEV | Oral administration induced mucosal and cellular immune responses in mice | [145] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus TGEV | MERS-CoV | nAbs, protection of mice against MERS-CoV | [146] |
| CHO/S377-588 | SARS-CoV | Overexpression of S protein in plants | [147] |
| Tobacco/lettuce | SARS-CoV | IgA Abs in mice fed with tomato-derived S | [148] |
| Tomato/tobacco | SARS-CoV | Humoral and cellular immune responses | [149] |
| Tobacco/suppressor | SARS-CoV N protein | ||
| p19 TBSV | PEDV | Immune response in mice and piglets | [150] |
| Ad-LTB-COE | MERS-CoV | Reduced viral excretion and viral RNA in dromedary camels | [151] |
| MVA-MERS-CoV S | MERS-CoV | Identification of T cell-responding epitope | [152] |
| MVA-MERS-CoV N | SARS-CoV | Strong nAbs response in mice | [153] |
| RV-SARS-CoV N/S | SARS-CoV | Protection against SARS-CoV in mice | [154] |
| VEE-SARS-CoV S | SARS-CoV | Protection also in aged mice | [155] |
Abs, antibodies; Ad-LTB-COE, adenovirus-based heat-labile enterotoxin B-core neutralizing epitope of PEDV; BCoV, bovine coronavirus; CTE, constitutive transport element from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus; ECoV, equine coronavirus; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus; MVA, Modified vaccinia virus Ankara; P19 TBSV, gene silencing suppressor P19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus; PEDV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PEI, polyethylenimine; PRE, post-transcriptional regulatory element from Woodchuck hepatitis virus; nABs, neutralizing antibodies; NPs, nanoparticles; S377-588, RV, rabies virus; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, TCoV, turkey coronavirus; TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus.