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. 2020 May 22;17(10):3675. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103675

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Optimization for VPA treatment on the chondrocytes. Rat growth plate chondrocytes were plated for 5 groups and 60 μg/mL of VPA were daily treated in each from 1 to 5 days. After treatment, each group’s COX-2 mRNA expression levels were analyzed and compared. (A) The upper panel of the gel showed COX-2 mRNA levels in the 4 days and 5 days group significantly higher than the first day group. GADPH served as internal controls. (B) Quantitative data of expression levels of COX-2 mRNA in the experiment A. All bars represent the mean ± S.D. The black bars are CON (control, culture medium) and the white bars are VPA (valproic acid, 60 μg/mL) (n = 7, ** p < 0.01).