Figure 2.

Sites of local translation in growth cones and presynapses. Growth cones are composed of two domains: central domains and peripheral domains. Late endosomes in proximity to mitochondria serve as platforms to bind RNP granules for local translation, which also occurs in the central domain of growth cones. In response to attractive guidance factors, RNP granules localize on the stimulated side, followed by local translation. Presynapses are separated into three phases by phase separation: cytosolic, synapsin/synaptic vesicle (SV), and Rab3-interacting molecule (RIM)/active zone phases. RNP granules (FMRP-containing granules) often localize at the synapsin/SV phase. Ribosomes are sometimes at the synapsin/SV phase; however, they are offset from the active zone.