Table 1.
Summary of the studies examined to extract the terms used for running shoes.
| Author | Year | Term Used | Characteristics of the Concept | Stack Height | Drop | Cushioned | Control Elements | Weight | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warne, J. and Warrington, G. [21] | 2014 | Barefoot-simulated Shod shoes |
“Barefoot-simulated” used to refer to minimalist footwear (Vibram Five Fingers KSO) Standard high-quality running shoes of a neutral design (Asics Gel-Nimbus 12) |
3.5 mm sole – |
10 mm |
– Gel |
– Plastic element (good torsion and stability). |
150 g 400 g |
Velcro Laces |
| Cochrum, R.M., Conners, R.T. and Coons, J.M. [13] | 2018 | Barefoot Barefoot-style footwear Standard cushioned running shoes |
“Barefoot-style footwear” used to refer to “five-toed minimal” footwear, i.e., minimalist. |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
| Lieberman, D., et al. [22] | 2010 | Barefoot Modern shoes = Shod shoes |
Barefoot Asics Gel-Cumulus 10 |
– – |
No 10 |
No Gel |
No Flexible upper. High resistance. |
0 335 g |
No Laces |
| Squadrone, R. and Gallozzi, C. [23] | 2009 | Barefoot Lightweight shoe Neutral Protective running shoe |
Barefoot “Lightweight shoe” effectively mimicked the experience of barefoot running (study based on the classical Vibram Five Fingers model). |
– 3.5 mm sole – |
– 0 – |
– – – |
– No – |
– 148 g 341 g |
– Laces around the shoe. – |
| Rothschild, C. [24] | 2012 | Barefoot Minimalist running shoes |
Vibram Five Fingers. |
– – |
– – |
– – |
– – |
– – |
– – |
| Fuller, J.T. et al. [16] | 2018 | Minimalist shoes Conventional shoes |
Asics Piraha SP4 Asics Gel Cumulus |
– – |
5 mm 9 mm |
– |
– – |
138 ± 10 g 333 ± 25 g |
Scoring 72% on MI Scoring 12% on MI |
| Fredericks, W. et al. [25] | 2015 | Standardised traditional running shoes Minimalist shoe Barefoot without shoes |
Nike Air Pegasus 27 Vibram Five Fingers KSO Barefoot |
– <5 mm sole – |
12 mm 0 mm – |
– – – |
Neutral. – – |
– 150 g – |
– – – |
| Ryan, M. et al. [26] | 2013 | Neutral shoes Partial minimalist shoes Full minimalist shoes |
Neutral shoes were used by all participants who, according to FPI, were pronator, neutral or supinator. Partial minimalist, Nike Free 3.0 v2 Full minimalist, Vibram Five-Finger Bikila. |
– – Sole 4 mm |
– 4 mm 0 |
– Yes No |
– Incorporated. Flexible upper. No |
– 201 g (h) 173 g (m) 188 g |
– Laces Lace-tensing system |
| Sayer, T. et al. [15] | 2019 | Stability style shoes Neutral style shoes |
The stability shoes tested, “Asics Kayano-GS”, obtained a score of 9 on the Footwear Assessment Tool. The neutral shoes tested, “Asics Zacara 3”, had a score of 3 on the same scale. |
25 mm 28 mm |
13 mm 10 mm |
– Moderate cushioning |
Heel counter – |
260 g 240 g |
Laces Neutral. Laces |
| Langley, B., Cramp, M. and Morrison, S. [27] | 2019 | Conventional running shoes: motion control, neutral and cushioned. | Motion control: reduce the magnitude and/or rate of pronation. “Asics Gel-Forte” Neutral: combine a number of motion control and cushioning features to provide additional stability. “Asics GT 2000 2” Cushioned: reduce the magnitude and/or rate of impact loading, and increase foot motion. “Asics Gel Cumulus 15” |
39 mm 25 mm 26 mm |
12 mm 9 mm 11 mm |
– “fluid ride” system. Gel cushioning |
Control of midfoot pronation by the “guidance line” system. Slight control of movement via the “guidance line” system. “Guidance line” system |
377 g 312 g 329 g |
Pronator. Laces Slight pronator. Laces Neutral/ Supinators Laces |
| Knapik, J. et al. [28] | 2009 | Motion control shoes Stability shoes Cushioned shoes |
For low foot arch. For medium foot arch. For high foot arch. |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
– – – |
| Grier, T. et al. [17] | 2016 | Traditional running shoes Minimalist running shoes: barefoot style, minimalist and transition shoe. |
“Traditional running shoes” differentiated into three subgroups by visual inspection. “Minimalist running shoes” differentiated into three subgroups: “barefoot-style”, “minimalist” and “transition”, according to cushioning and drop (0–9 mm). |
12–15 mm 0–9 mm |
– – |
– – |
– – |
– – |
|
| Kerrigan, J., et al. [29] | 2009 | Modern-day running shoes = stability running shoes | “Brooks Adrenaline”, chosen for its neutral type and characteristics typical of running shoes. | 24 mm | 12 mm | Hydroflow | Posting = dual density Lasting = Stroebel board |
– |
Neutral |
| Murphy, K., Curry, E. and Matzkin, E. [30] | 2013 | Modern running shoes = standard running shoes Minimalist running shoes |
Description of general characteristics of this type of footwear and of minimalist shoes. “Minimalist footwear”: maintains the freedom and essence of barefoot running. |
– – |
8–16 mm | Foam or other material. Non-cushioned midsole |
– – |
– – |
– – |
| Hollander, K. et al. [31] | 2015 | Barefoot Cushioned minimalist shoe Uncushioned minimalist shoe Standard running shoe |
Barefoot Nike Free 3.0 Leguano – |
– – 9 mm – |
– 4 mm 0 mm – |
– Yes – – |
– No control of foot arch. – – |
– 201 g (h) 73 g (m) – – |
– Laces – – |
| Malisoux, L., et al. [11] | 2016 | Standard shoes Motion control shoes |
– – |
– – |
10 mm 10 mm |
– – |
Thermoplastic structure located at the midfoot and, dual-density midsole located at the forefoot. | – – |
– – |
| Pollard, C. et al. [32] | 2018 | Traditional running shoe Maximal shoes |
NB 880 Hoka One One Bondi 4 |
33.3 mm 41.6 mm |
10.1mm 6.9 mm |
Conventional cushioning Maximum cushioning |
No control of pronation. Rearfoot control. – |
305 g – |
Neutral. Laces. – |
| Nigg, B.m. and Segesser, B. [33] | 1986 | Running shoes | Cushioning, support and guidance. More general use of running footwear. |
– | – |
– | – | – | – |
| Anselmo, D.S., et al. [34] | 2018 | Barefoot, Neutral shoe Motion control shoe |
Barefoot Saucony Ideal Saucony Stabil |
– – 25.5 mm |
– 8 mm 8 mm |
– – – |
– – Control of severe pronation |
– 300 g323 g |
– – – |
| Moody, D. et al. [35] | 2018 | Traditional footwear Minimalist footwear: 1 Saucony Kinvara 2 Altra the one 3 Vibram El/x Barefoot |
Mizuno Wave Rider With low drop, according to the manufacturer. Barefoot |
– – – – – |
10–12 mm 4 mm 0 mm 0 mm NO |
Yes Yes Moderate No No |
“Cloud wave” plate to stabilise gait. – – No No |
290 g 221 g 230 g 120 g 0 |
Neutral. Laces. – – – – |
| Zhang, X. et al. [36] | 2018 | Neutral shoes Motion control shoes Minimalist shoes Neutral shoe + insole |
34 ± 7 mm 37 ± 5 mm 24 ± 6 mm 34 ± 6 mm |
11 ± 5 mm 12 ± 2 mm 3 ± 2 mm 9 ± 3 mm |
– – – – |
Sole stability in sagittal midfoot: minimal to moderate. Sole stability in frontal midfoot: moderate. Sole stability in sagittal midfoot: minimal to moderate/rigid. Sole stability in frontal midfoot: rigid to moderate. No heel control. Sole stability in sagittal and frontal midfoot: moderate to rigid. |
303 ± 27 g 332 ± 64 g 222 ± 14 g 301 ± 48 g |
– – – – |
|
| Da Silva Azevedo, AP., et al. [37] | 2016 | Conventional shoes Transition shoes Minimalist running shoes |
NB 759 NB 890 NB minimus MR10GB |
45 mm 40 mm 25 mm |
18 mm 12 mm 4 mm |
Yes Yes Yes |
Inner sole: Etil-Vinil-Acetato. Midsole: Viscoelastic materials. Outsole: Rubber. Midsole: Viscoelastic material, 30% lighter. Outsole: Rubber Midsole: Viscoelastic material, 30% lighter. Outsole: Rubber. |
280 g 250 g 209 g |
Laces Laces Laces |
| Roca Dols, A. et al. [38] | 2018 | Minimalist Boost® EVA Pronation control Air®chamber |
– – – – – |
0 mm 11 mm 9 mm 9 mm 16 mm |
No EVA EVA EVA Air chamber |
No No No Postero-medial No |
172 g 320 g 250 g 286 g 360 g |
– – – – – |