Table 2.
Associations between state health outcomes and built environment characteristics a.
| % Adult Obesity | % Adolescent Obesity | % Diabetes | % Adults Engaged in Aerobic Physical Activity | % Adolescents Engage in Physical Activity | Premature Mortality | Diabetes Mortality | Cardiovascular Disease Mortality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence Difference | Prevalence Difference | Prevalence Difference | Prevalence Difference | Prevalence Difference | Cases per 100,000 | Cases per 100,000 | Cases per 100,000 | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Crosswalk | ||||||||
| High | −2.72 * (−5.28, −0.17) |
−1.85 (−4.05, 0.35) |
−0.75 (−1.58, 0.07) |
0.46 (−2.86, 3.78) |
−0.17 (−3.32, 2.97) |
−81.77 * (−147.67, −15.87) |
−6.13 (−18.22, 5.96) |
−10.93 (−34.14, 12.27) |
| Medium | −0.69 (−2.97, 1.59) |
−2.21 * (−4.23, −0.19) |
−0.65 (−1.38, 0.08) |
−1.64 (−4.60, 1.32) |
0.77 (−2.11, 3.66) |
−66.85 * (−125.68, −8.02) |
−9.84 (−20.64, 0.95) |
−14.67 (−35.38, 6.05) |
| Visible wires | ||||||||
| High | 0.64 (−1.70, 2.98) |
1.37 (−0.67, 3.41) |
0.05 (−0.70, 0.79) |
−2.48 (−5.34, 0.38) |
0.51 (−2.30, 3.32) |
19.03 (−42.39, 80.45) |
7.52 (−2.77, 17.80) |
8.10 (−12.31, 28.51) |
| Medium | 0.19 (−1.82, 2.21) |
0.05 (−1.81, 1.91) |
0.11 (−0.53, 0.75) |
−0.57 (−3.03, 1.89) |
0.38 (−2.18, 2.95) |
−3.41 (−56.20, 49.38) |
−3.96 (−12.80, 4.88) |
−0.77 (−18.31, 16.77) |
| Non-single family home | ||||||||
| High | −2.18 (−4.43, 0.08) |
−1.74 (−3.96, 0.48) |
−1.40 (−2.04, −0.75) |
1.26 (−1.79, 4.31) |
3.55 * (0.92, 6.17) |
−68.82 (−129.02, −8.61) |
−2.09 (−13.33, 9.16) |
−17.36 (−38.05, 3.33) |
| Medium | 0.68 (−1.40, 2.77) |
−0.41 (−2.36, 1.55) |
−0.64 (−1.24, −0.05) |
0.34 (−2.49, 3.17) |
3.63 * (1.32, 5.95) |
−48.19 (−103.97, 7.60) |
1.57 (−8.84, 11.99) |
−9.53 (−28.70, 9.64) |
| Single lane roads | ||||||||
| High | 3.06 * (0.90, 5.22) |
1.46 (−0.60, 3.51) |
0.39 (−0.35, 1.13) |
−1.72 (−4.66, 1.22) |
0.01 (−2.83, 2.84) |
48.23 (−10.71, 107.16) |
3.68 (−7.16, 14.51) |
19.57 (−0.13, 39.27) |
| Medium | 2.11 * (0.16, 4.07) |
0.66 (−1.31, 2.64) |
0.14 (−0.53, 0.81) |
−1.14 (−3.80, 1.52) |
0.17 (−2.55, 2.89) |
−11.30 (−64.59, 42.00) |
−1.80 (−11.59, 8.00) |
2.56 (−15.25, 20.38) |
a—Adjusted linear regression models were run for each outcome separately. Built environment features were categorized into tertiles (high, medium, low). Models controlled for total population size, percent non-Hispanic white, unemployment rate, median household income, and percent with high school education or greater among those 25 years and older; N = 51; *—p < 0.05. CI—confidence interval.