Table 5.
Liver and kidney function of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary nano-curcumin.
| Items | Nano-curcumin Level (g/kg Diet) | SEM | p Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |||
| TP † (g/dL) | 3.13 b | 3.07 b | 3.75 a | 3.70 a | 3.31 b | 3.61 a | 0.074 | 0.0004 |
| ALB ‡ (g/dL) | 1.24 bc | 1.23 bc | 1.14 c | 1.36 a | 1.31 ab | 1.24 bc | 0.028 | 0.0078 |
| GLOB § (g/dL) | 1.89 c | 1.84 c | 2.62 a | 2.35 b | 2.00 c | 2.38 b | 0.049 | <0.0001 |
| A/G ¶ (%) | 0.65 a | 0.67 a | 0.44 d | 0.58 b | 0.66 a | 0.52 c | 0.015 | <0.0001 |
| AST †† (IU/L) | 181.20 a | 168.30 b | 169.87 ab | 164.20 b | 161.15 b | 180.70 a | 3.107 | 0.0116 |
| ALT ‡‡ (IU/L) | 14.64 b | 13.90 b | 14.50 b | 9.57 c | 12.85 b | 16.63 a | 0.532 | <0.0001 |
| LDH * (IU/L) | 196.40 a | 157.85 b | 165.60 b | 190.07 a | 167.80 b | 206.70 a | 5.159 | 0.0002 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.017 | 0.3588 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 6.82 | 6.55 | 6.84 | 7.22 | 7.07 | 7.09 | 0.128 | 0.0970 |
a–d: Means in the same row with no superscript letters after them or with a common superscript letter following them are not significantly different (p < 0.05). † TP: total protein; ‡ Alb: albumin § GLOB: globulin; ¶ A/G: albumin/globulin ratio; †† AST: aspartate aminotransferase and ‡‡ ALT: alanine aminotransferase. * LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.