Table 3.

Dose and duration of various mycotoxins required to cause death

Item	Attack rate1	Case fatality risk2	Dose, dietary mg/kg	Duration of experiment	Onset of mortality	Source
Aflatoxin	—	LD503	0.62 mg/kg bodyweight	—	1 d	Ensley and Radke (2019)
	—	—	2–4	—	Extended time	Ensley and Radke (2019)
	0%	—	0.28	28 d	—	Marin et al. (2002)
	33 to 100%	0 to 15% mortality	0.30 to 1.07 B1, 0.01 to 0.13 B24	17 to 84 d	—	Cook et al. (1989)
	—	0% mortality	2	28 d	—	Harvey et al. (1989)
	—	20% mortality	0.8 B1, 0.2 B2	—	—	Hayes et al. (1978)
Citrinin	Not established	—	—	—	—	—
Ergot	Not established	—	—	—	—	—
Fumonisin (B1 and B2)	66%	100%	92 B1, 28 B2	21 d	5 d	Osweiler et al. (1992) experiment
	6%	100%	24 to 120 B1	—	4 d	Osweiler et al. (1992) field cases
	100%5	0%	40 B1	28 d	28 d	Zomborszky et al. (2000)
	100%	66%	166 B1, 48 B26	15 d	5 d	Haschek et al. (1992)
	66%	100%	155	28 d	7 d	Harrison et al. (1990)
	0%7	—	105	28 d	—	Harrison et al. (1990)
	100%	50%8	200 B1	21 d	21 d	Colvin et al. (1993)
Ochratoxin	—	0% mortality	2	28 d	—	Harvey et al. (1989)
	—	38% mortality	1 mg/kg bodyweight	6 d	5 d	Szczech et al. (1973)
Trichothecenes
T-2 toxin	Not established	—	—	—	—	—
Deoxynivalenol	Not established	—	—	—	—	—
Zearalenone (f-2 toxin)	Not established	—	—	—	—	—

¹Attack rate = number of cases in population at risk divided by number of animals in the population exposed (Dohoo et al., 2003).

²Case fatality risk = proportion of animals with a specific disease that result in death (Dohoo et al., 2003).

³Lethal dose 50%, dose required to cause mortality in 50% of test subjects.

⁴ Cook et al. (1989) reported findings from an investigation of eight farms diagnosed with aflatoxicosis from 1983 to 1985. Dietary aflatoxin levels ranged from 0.30 to 1.07 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.01 to 0.13 mg/kg aflatoxin B2. Complete diet samples were not available for all farms, so shelled corn was reported as well ranging from 0.23 to 1.90 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.01 to 0.12 mg/kg aflatoxin B2.

⁵All five animals fed 40 mg/kg fumonisin B1 demonstrated histological changes associated with pulmonary edema at necropsy on day 28.

⁶Corn screenings also contained 0.3 mg/kg deoxynivalenol and 20 µg/kg aflatoxin.

⁷ One out of three animals was euthanized on d 14 of study due to severe anorexia, but did not shown evidence of pulmonary edema/hydrothorax.

⁸ Two out of four animals euthanized and necropsied on day 21 of study. Remaining animals were switched to fumonisin-free diet and were continued to be monitored.