Table 5.
Summary of explanatory variables associated with transportation mortality (dead on arrival; DOA) as identified in retrospective analysis of transportation records
| Article | Country | Number of pigs | Weight, kg | Mortality, % | Significant factors (P ≤ 0.05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wean/feeder pig transport | |||||
| Averos et al. (2010) | EU | 58,682 | N/A | 0.07 | Temperature × transport time |
| Fasting time | |||||
| Water availability | |||||
| Ventilation type | |||||
| Zhao et al. (2016) | USA | 13,344 records | N/A | 0.033 for weaned pigs, 0.024 for feeder pigs | Pig type (weaned or feeder pig) |
| Temperature | |||||
| Travel distance | |||||
| Type × temperature | |||||
| Temperature × distance | |||||
| Type × distance | |||||
| Type × temperature × distance | |||||
| Harmon et al. (2017) | USA | 79,715 | 7 | 0.035 | Temperature, quadratic form |
| Temperature × density × compartment | |||||
| Density × compartment | |||||
| Temperature × compartment | |||||
| Compartment | |||||
| Market pig transport | |||||
| Gosalvez et al. (2006) | Spain | 90,366 | 100 | N/A | Distance × number of farms |
| Distance | |||||
| Number of farms | |||||
| Gade et al. (2007) | Denmark | 17,882,622 | N/A | 0.012 | Season |
| Abattoir | |||||
| Producer | |||||
| Hauler | |||||
| Transport distance | |||||
| Werner et al. (2007) | Germany | 7,194,120 | 100 to 110 | 0.187 | Year |
| Season | |||||
| Transport duration | |||||
| Averos et al. (2008) | EU | 112,842 | N/A | 0.107 | Injuries recorded prior to transport |
| Transport time | |||||
| Temperature | |||||
| Barn fill length | |||||
| Fasting × transport time | |||||
| Fitzgerald et al. (2009) 1 | USA | 2,053,945 | 118 | 0.25 | Week |
| Driver | |||||
| Farm | |||||
| Load crew | |||||
| Sort of barn | |||||
| Load type | |||||
| Receiving crew | |||||
| Trailer density | |||||
| Temperature-humidity index, linear | |||||
| Temperature-humidity index, quadratic | |||||
| Wind speed | |||||
| Barn fill length | |||||
| Wait time | |||||
| Sutherland et al. (2009) | USA | 2,730,754 | 115 to 135 | 0.19 | Waiting time |
| Bedding type | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Haley et al. (2010) | Canada | 728,087 | N/A | 0.219 | Temperature |
| Humidity | |||||
| Trailer density | |||||
| Kephart et al. (2010) | USA | 41,744 | N/A | 0.06 | No factors identified |
| Vitali et al. (2014) | Italy | 3,676,153 | 160 | 0.032 | Season |
| Transport time | |||||
| Voslarova et al. (2017) | Czech Republic | 16,470,730 | N/A | 0.069 | Year |
| Transport distance | |||||
| Season | |||||
| Ambient temperature | |||||
| Dalla Costa et al. (2019) | Brazil | 37,962 | 119 | 0.08 | Previous health problems |
| Loading ramp slope | |||||
| Transport time |
N/A = information not provided.
1 Model based on outcome of total losses including fatigued, injured, and dead pigs during transport.