| VA | visual acuity |
| PHE | preschool health examination |
| U7a | preventive health examination at the end of the third year of life |
| U8 | preventive health examination at the end of the fourth year of life |
| U9 | preventive health examination at the beginning of the sixth year of life |
| IQWIG | German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (“Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen”) |
| CI | confidence intervals |
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