Table 1.

Summary of beneficial effects of high doses of nicotinamide (NAM).

Effects	Examples of Effects	References
	Protection against ATP depletion	[2]
	Decreased AD pathology and cognitive decline	[10]
	Improved sensory and motor neurological behavior	[3]
	Increased recovery from bilateral frontal brain injury	[4]
Neuroprotection	Prevention/delay of ischemic stroke in stroke-prone hypertensive rats	[5]
	Reduced lateral geniculate nucleus neuronal death	[6]
	Attenuated hippocampal neuronal death after global ischemia	[7]
	Improved motor deficits associated with Huntington’s disease phenotype	[8]
	Increased NAD+ level and mitochondrial function	[9]
Amelioration of depression and psychological disorders	Amelioration of depression	[28]
	Increased social interaction	[11]
Anti-inflammation	Attenuated neutrophil recruitment in carrageenan-induced pleurisy or in lesions of autoimmune disease	[12,13]
	Reduced arthritis activity	[14]
Protection against vision and hearing loss	Attenuated retinal pigment cell death and age-related macular degeneration in animals	[29]
	Reduced incidence of optic nerve degeneration and glaucoma	[30,31]
Immune modulation	Improved mouse survival after lethal Staphylococcus enterotoxin B challenge	[32]
Skin protection/anti- skin disorders/cosmetic effects	Downregulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and protection against UV light	[33]
Anti-fibrosis	Attenuated development of pulmonary fibrosis	[34,35]
Anti-metastasis and adjuvant cancer therapy	Decreased growth and progression of bladder tumors	[36,37]
	Photo-protection and reduced incidence of skin cancers	[15]
Anti-HIV and -AIDS	Decreased provirus integration	[16]
	Decreased viral RNA expression	[17]