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. 2020 May 15;17(10):3451. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103451

Table 2.

Mean scores of cognitive function (2011–2015) by early-life conditions.

Variable Mental Intactness Episodic Memory
Year Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3
Early paternal death (p < 0.000) a
No 6.6 6.5 6.3 3.6 3.5 3.3
Yes 6.2 6.1 5.8 3.3 3.1 2.8
Early maternal death (p < 0.000) b
No 6.5 6.4 6.3 3.6 3.5 3.2
Yes 5.9 5.8 5.5 3.2 3.1 2.8
Father’s education (p < 0.000) c
Illiterate 6.0 5.9 5.6 3.4 3.2 2.9
Can read or writing 7.1 7.0 6.7 3.9 3.8 3.5
Father’s job (p < 0.000) d
Agricultural 6.2 6.1 5.8 3.4 3.3 3.0
Non-agricultural 7.6 7.4 7.1 4.2 4.1 3.9
Food adequacy (p < 0.000) e
Yes 6.6 6.5 6.3 3.7 3.5 3.3
No 6.3 6.2 5.9 3.5 3.4 3.1
Childhood self-rated health (p < 0.000) f
Healthy 6.6 6.5 6.3 3.7 3.5 3.3
Average 6.4 6.3 6.0 3.5 3.3 3.2
Less healthy 6.0 5.9 5.7 3.4 3.2 3.0

a,b,c,d,e,f: p < 0.000 indicates significant differences by each early-life conditions in each wave.