Table 2.
Compound | Chemical Formula | Plant Part | Conc. mg/100 g | Plant Origin | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Furostanol Saponins | |||||
Protodioscin | C51H84O22 | aerial parts | 109–1530 | Bulgaria | [3,4,16,17] |
leaves | 1000–1330 | ||||
stem | 19–27 | ||||
fruits | 240–500 | ||||
aerial parts | 340–1000 | Turkey | [3] | ||
fruits | 10–60 | ||||
aerial parts | 220–790 | Greece | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 420–990 | Macedonia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 200 | Serbia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 560 | Georgia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 3 | Vietnam | [3] | ||
fruits | 1 | ||||
fruits | 63–89 | China | [17] | ||
stem | 24 | India | [17] | ||
aerial parts | 190 | Russia | [18] | ||
Neoprotodioscin | C51H86O22 | aerial parts | NS | Bulgaria | [16] |
Prototribestin | C45H73NaO20S | aerial parts | 130–2200 | Bulgaria | [3,4,16,19] |
fruits | 21–28 | ||||
leaves | 700 | ||||
stems | 40 | ||||
aerial parts, | 310–1000 | Turkey | [3] | ||
fruits | 17–65 | ||||
aerial parts | 220–790 | Greece | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 420–990 | Macedonia | [3] | ||
[3] | |||||
aerial parts | 170 | Serbia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 240 | Georgia | [3] | ||
Neoprototribestin | C45H75NaO20S | aerial parts | NS | Bulgaria | [16] |
Terestrinin A | C33H48O9 | fruits | NS | China | [20] |
Terestrinin B | C60H95O30 | root | NS | Georgia | [21] |
fruits | NS | China | [20] | ||
Terrestrinin D | C33H50O10 | fruits | 5.6 | China | [22,23] |
Terestrinin J-T | whole plant | NS | China | [24] | |
Terestroside A | root | NS | Georgia | [21] | |
Terrestrosin K | C51H82O24 | fruits | 1.27 | China | [22] |
Terrestrosin I | C51H84O25 | whole plant | NS | China | [23,24] |
fruits | |||||
Tribufuroside D | C45H74O21 | fruits | NS | China | [23,25] |
Tribufuroside E | C45H74O21 | fruits | NS | China | [23,25] |
Tribulosaponin A | C51H84O21 | fruits | NS | China | [26] |
Polianthoside D | C56H92O29 | root | NS | Georgia | [21] |
fruits | 59.6 | China | [22] | ||
Spirostanol Saponins | |||||
Dioscin | C45H72O16 | aerial parts | NS | Egypt | [27] |
aerial parts | 60 | Russia | [18] | ||
fruits, leaves, stem | 10–43 | Bulgaria | [3,4,28] | ||
aerial parts | 6–13 | Turkey | [3] | ||
fruits | 1–2 | ||||
aerial parts | 26–31 | Greece | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 13–15 | Macedonia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 87 | Serbia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 8 | Georgia | [3] | ||
Tribestin | C39H61NaO14S | aerial parts | 2–220 | Bulgaria | [3,28] |
fruits | 0.9–3.4 | ||||
leaves | 62 | ||||
aerial parts | 6.8–28 | Turkey | [3] | ||
fruits | 0.5–1 | ||||
aerial parts | 24 | Greece | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 7.3–10 | Macedonia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 210 | Serbia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 6 | Georgia | [3] | ||
Diosgenin | C27H42O3 | NS | NS | China | [29] |
NS | NS | Ukraine | [30] | ||
fruits | 86 | India | [31] | ||
Tribulosin | C55H90O25 | aerial parts | 0.1–7.7 | Bulgaria | [3] |
fruits | 2.6 | ||||
leaves | 0.8 | ||||
stem | 1.7 | ||||
aerial parts | 0.03–1.7 | Turkey | [3] | ||
fruits | 0.14 | ||||
aerial parts | 1.3–2.4 | Greece | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 0.68 | Macedonia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 2.24 | Serbia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 0.56 | Georgia | [3] | ||
aerial parts | 22 | Vietnam | [3] | ||
fruits | 420 | ||||
fruits | 1 | India | [3] | ||
leaves | 644 | ||||
stem | 185 | ||||
whole plant | NS | India | [32] | ||
Tigogenin | C27H44O3 | fruits | 0.05 | China | [22,29,33] |
Terestrinin U | whole plant | NS | China | [24] | |
Gitogenin | C27H44O4 | NS | NS | China | [33] |
Hecogenin | C27H42O4 | fruits | NS | Taiwan | [34] |
fruits | 0.4 | China | [22] | ||
Agovoside A | fruits | NS | China | [20] | |
Prosapogenin B | aerial parts | NS | Egypt | [27] | |
25R-5a-Spirost-3,6,12-trione | C27H39O5 | NS | NS | China | [33] |
25R-Spirost-4-ene-3,12-dione | C27H40O4 | NS | NS | China | [33,35] |
25R-Spirost-4-ene-3,6,12-trione | C27H38O6 | NS | NS | China | [33,35] |
Cinnamic Acid Amides | |||||
Coumaroyltyramine | C17H17NO3 | fruits | NS | Taiwan | [34,36,37] |
fruits | NS | China | |||
Ferulic acid | fruits | NS | Taiwan | [34] | |
Feruloyloctopamine | C18H19NO5 | fruits | NS | China | [36] |
Quinic Acid Derivatives | |||||
5-p-cis-coumaroylquinic acid | C16H18O8 | aerial parts | NS | Egypt | [27] |
5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid | aerial parts | NS | Egypt | [27] | |
4,5-Di-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid | aerial parts | NS | Egypt | [27] | |
4,5-Di-p-cis-coumaroylquinic acid | aerial parts | NS | Egypt | [27] | |
Flavonoids | |||||
Tribuloside | C30H26O13 | leaves, fruits | NS | India | [38] |
Kaempferol | C15H10O6 | leaves, fruits | 18 | India | [31,38] |
Astragalin (kaempferol 3-glucoside) | C21H20O11 | leaves, fruits | NS | India | [38] |
Kaempferol 3-rutinoside | C27H30O15 | leaves, fruits | NS | India | [38] |
Kaempferol-3- gentiobioside | C27H30O16 | fruits leaves | NS | China | [39,40] |
Rutin | C27H30O16 | leaves | NS | Mauritania | [4,41,42,43] |
fruits, leaves | NS | India | |||
fruits, leaves | 70–250 | Bulgaria | |||
fruits | NS | Korea | |||
NS | NS | Ukraine | [30] | ||
Quercetin | C15H10O7 | fruits, leaves | NS | India | [42] |
Quercetin-3-O-arabinosyl galactoside Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside | C26H28O16 | fruits leaves | NS | China | [39,40] |
Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside | C33H40O21 | leaves | NS | China | [39] |
Quercetin-3- gentiobioside | C27H30O17 | fruits, leaves | NS | China | [39,40] |
Quercetin 3,7-diglucoside | C27H30O17 | fruits, leaves | NS | China | [39,40] |
Isoquercitrin | C21H20O12 | fruits, leaves | NS | China | [39,40] |
Luteolin-7-O-β-D- glucoside | C30H18O11 | leaves | NS | China | [39] |
Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside | C22H22O12 | leaves | NS | China | [39] |
Apiotribosides A-D | roots | NS | Georgia | [21] | |
Alkaloids | |||||
Harmine | C13H12N2O | fruits | 14 | India | [31] |
fruits, stem, leaves, roots | NS | Turkey | [44] | ||
Harmane | C12H10N2 | fruits, stem, leaves, roots | NS | Turkey | [44] |
aerial parts | NS | Australia | [45] | ||
Harmalol | C12H12N2O | fruits, stem, leaves, roots | NS | Turkey | [44] |
Harmaline | C13H14N2O | stem, leaves, roots | NS | Turkey | [44] |
Norharmane | C11H8N2 | aerial parts | NS | Australia | [45] |
Tribulusterine | C16H12N2O2 | fruits | NS | Taiwan | [34] |
not specified | NS | India | [46] | ||
n-Caffeoyltyramine | fruits | NS | Korea | [36,47] | |
fruits | China | ||||
Perlolyrine | C16H12N2O2 | not specified | NS | India | [46] |
Amides and Lignanamides | |||||
Terrestribisamide | C13 H18NO5 | fruits | NS | Taiwan | [34] |
Tribulusamide A | C36H36N2O8 | fruits | NS | China | [37] |
Tribulusamide B | C36H34N2O9 | fruits | NS | China | [37] |
Tribulusamide D | C17H15NO5 | fruits | NS | Korea | [48] |
Tribulusamide C | C18H15NO6 | fruits | NS | China | [49] |
Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters | |||||
Oleic acid | C18H34O2 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Palmitic acid | C16H32O2 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester | C23H38O2 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E)- | C19H34O2 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Phytosterols | |||||
β-sistosterol-D-glucoside | C35H60O6 | whole plant | NS | India | [32] |
Stigmasterol | C29H48O | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Other Compounds | |||||
ß-1, 5-O-dibenzoyl ribofuranose | C19H18O7 | roots | NS | India | [51] |
1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester | C24H38O4 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Apiol | C12H14O4 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Octacosane | C28H58 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Heptacosane | C27H56 | stem | NS | Pakistan | [50] |
Concentration is expressed in mg/100 g DW (dry weight). NS, not specified or the concentration could not be calculated using the given data in research paper.