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. 2020 May 12;10(5):752. doi: 10.3390/biom10050752

Table 2.

Chemical compounds identified in Tribulus terrestris (TT).

Compound Chemical Formula Plant Part Conc. mg/100 g Plant Origin References
Furostanol Saponins
Protodioscin C51H84O22 aerial parts 109–1530 Bulgaria [3,4,16,17]
leaves 1000–1330
stem 19–27
fruits 240–500
aerial parts 340–1000 Turkey [3]
fruits 10–60
aerial parts 220–790 Greece [3]
aerial parts 420–990 Macedonia [3]
aerial parts 200 Serbia [3]
aerial parts 560 Georgia [3]
aerial parts 3 Vietnam [3]
fruits 1
fruits 63–89 China [17]
stem 24 India [17]
aerial parts 190 Russia [18]
Neoprotodioscin C51H86O22 aerial parts NS Bulgaria [16]
Prototribestin C45H73NaO20S aerial parts 130–2200 Bulgaria [3,4,16,19]
fruits 21–28
leaves 700
stems 40
aerial parts, 310–1000 Turkey [3]
fruits 17–65
aerial parts 220–790 Greece [3]
aerial parts 420–990 Macedonia [3]
[3]
aerial parts 170 Serbia [3]
aerial parts 240 Georgia [3]
Neoprototribestin C45H75NaO20S aerial parts NS Bulgaria [16]
Terestrinin A C33H48O9 fruits NS China [20]
Terestrinin B C60H95O30 root NS Georgia [21]
fruits NS China [20]
Terrestrinin D C33H50O10 fruits 5.6 China [22,23]
Terestrinin J-T whole plant NS China [24]
Terestroside A root NS Georgia [21]
Terrestrosin K C51H82O24 fruits 1.27 China [22]
Terrestrosin I C51H84O25 whole plant NS China [23,24]
fruits
Tribufuroside D C45H74O21 fruits NS China [23,25]
Tribufuroside E C45H74O21 fruits NS China [23,25]
Tribulosaponin A C51H84O21 fruits NS China [26]
Polianthoside D C56H92O29 root NS Georgia [21]
fruits 59.6 China [22]
Spirostanol Saponins
Dioscin C45H72O16 aerial parts NS Egypt [27]
aerial parts 60 Russia [18]
fruits, leaves, stem 10–43 Bulgaria [3,4,28]
aerial parts 6–13 Turkey [3]
fruits 1–2
aerial parts 26–31 Greece [3]
aerial parts 13–15 Macedonia [3]
aerial parts 87 Serbia [3]
aerial parts 8 Georgia [3]
Tribestin C39H61NaO14S aerial parts 2–220 Bulgaria [3,28]
fruits 0.9–3.4
leaves 62
aerial parts 6.8–28 Turkey [3]
fruits 0.5–1
aerial parts 24 Greece [3]
aerial parts 7.3–10 Macedonia [3]
aerial parts 210 Serbia [3]
aerial parts 6 Georgia [3]
Diosgenin C27H42O3 NS NS China [29]
NS NS Ukraine [30]
fruits 86 India [31]
Tribulosin C55H90O25 aerial parts 0.1–7.7 Bulgaria [3]
fruits 2.6
leaves 0.8
stem 1.7
aerial parts 0.03–1.7 Turkey [3]
fruits 0.14
aerial parts 1.3–2.4 Greece [3]
aerial parts 0.68 Macedonia [3]
aerial parts 2.24 Serbia [3]
aerial parts 0.56 Georgia [3]
aerial parts 22 Vietnam [3]
fruits 420
fruits 1 India [3]
leaves 644
stem 185
whole plant NS India [32]
Tigogenin C27H44O3 fruits 0.05 China [22,29,33]
Terestrinin U whole plant NS China [24]
Gitogenin C27H44O4 NS NS China [33]
Hecogenin C27H42O4 fruits NS Taiwan [34]
fruits 0.4 China [22]
Agovoside A fruits NS China [20]
Prosapogenin B aerial parts NS Egypt [27]
25R-5a-Spirost-3,6,12-trione C27H39O5 NS NS China [33]
25R-Spirost-4-ene-3,12-dione C27H40O4 NS NS China [33,35]
25R-Spirost-4-ene-3,6,12-trione C27H38O6 NS NS China [33,35]
Cinnamic Acid Amides
Coumaroyltyramine C17H17NO3 fruits NS Taiwan [34,36,37]
fruits NS China
Ferulic acid fruits NS Taiwan [34]
Feruloyloctopamine C18H19NO5 fruits NS China [36]
Quinic Acid Derivatives
5-p-cis-coumaroylquinic acid C16H18O8 aerial parts NS Egypt [27]
5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid aerial parts NS Egypt [27]
4,5-Di-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid aerial parts NS Egypt [27]
4,5-Di-p-cis-coumaroylquinic acid aerial parts NS Egypt [27]
Flavonoids
Tribuloside C30H26O13 leaves, fruits NS India [38]
Kaempferol C15H10O6 leaves, fruits 18 India [31,38]
Astragalin (kaempferol 3-glucoside) C21H20O11 leaves, fruits NS India [38]
Kaempferol 3-rutinoside C27H30O15 leaves, fruits NS India [38]
Kaempferol-3- gentiobioside C27H30O16 fruits leaves NS China [39,40]
Rutin C27H30O16 leaves NS Mauritania [4,41,42,43]
fruits, leaves NS India
fruits, leaves 70–250 Bulgaria
fruits NS Korea
NS NS Ukraine [30]
Quercetin C15H10O7 fruits, leaves NS India [42]
Quercetin-3-O-arabinosyl galactoside Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside C26H28O16 fruits leaves NS China [39,40]
Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside C33H40O21 leaves NS China [39]
Quercetin-3- gentiobioside C27H30O17 fruits, leaves NS China [39,40]
Quercetin 3,7-diglucoside C27H30O17 fruits, leaves NS China [39,40]
Isoquercitrin C21H20O12 fruits, leaves NS China [39,40]
Luteolin-7-O-β-D- glucoside C30H18O11 leaves NS China [39]
Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside C22H22O12 leaves NS China [39]
Apiotribosides A-D roots NS Georgia [21]
Alkaloids
Harmine C13H12N2O fruits 14 India [31]
fruits, stem, leaves, roots NS Turkey [44]
Harmane C12H10N2 fruits, stem, leaves, roots NS Turkey [44]
aerial parts NS Australia [45]
Harmalol C12H12N2O fruits, stem, leaves, roots NS Turkey [44]
Harmaline C13H14N2O stem, leaves, roots NS Turkey [44]
Norharmane C11H8N2 aerial parts NS Australia [45]
Tribulusterine C16H12N2O2 fruits NS Taiwan [34]
not specified NS India [46]
n-Caffeoyltyramine fruits NS Korea [36,47]
fruits China
Perlolyrine C16H12N2O2 not specified NS India [46]
Amides and Lignanamides
Terrestribisamide C13 H18NO5 fruits NS Taiwan [34]
Tribulusamide A C36H36N2O8 fruits NS China [37]
Tribulusamide B C36H34N2O9 fruits NS China [37]
Tribulusamide D C17H15NO5 fruits NS Korea [48]
Tribulusamide C C18H15NO6 fruits NS China [49]
Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters
Oleic acid C18H34O2 stem NS Pakistan [50]
Palmitic acid C16H32O2 stem NS Pakistan [50]
6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester C23H38O2 stem NS Pakistan [50]
Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester C17H34O2 stem NS Pakistan [50]
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E)- C19H34O2 stem NS Pakistan [50]
Phytosterols
β-sistosterol-D-glucoside C35H60O6 whole plant NS India [32]
Stigmasterol C29H48O stem NS Pakistan [50]
Other Compounds
ß-1, 5-O-dibenzoyl ribofuranose C19H18O7 roots NS India [51]
1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester C24H38O4 stem NS Pakistan [50]
Apiol C12H14O4 stem NS Pakistan [50]
Octacosane C28H58 stem NS Pakistan [50]
Heptacosane C27H56 stem NS Pakistan [50]

Concentration is expressed in mg/100 g DW (dry weight). NS, not specified or the concentration could not be calculated using the given data in research paper.