TABLE 1.
Community constructs by social determinants of health
| Socioeconomic and political context (n = 13) | Socioeconomic community conditions (n = 32) | Social and physical environments (n = 25) | Bridging community dynamics (n = 16) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute racial income inequality (Hipp et al., 2009) | Access to a physician (Youngblade et al., 2006) | Anonymity (Hipp et al., 2009) | Civic engagement (Rosenfeld et al., 2001) |
| Economic conditions related to women’s opportunity costs of keeping children (Bitler & Madeline, 2002) | Access to early care and education services (Klein, 2011) | Concentration of registered sex offenders (Mustaine et al., 2014) | Collective efficacy (Wu, 2009) Communitarian social capital (Gomez & Muntaner, 2005) |
| Economic income inequality (Jacobs & Carmichael, 2002) | Alcohol outlet density Cunradi et al., 2013) | Crime-prone population (Cancino et al., 2009) | Gang concentration (Katz & Schnebly, 2011) |
| Economic inequality (Jacobs & Carmichael, 2001) | Availability of safety net settings (Youngblade et al., 2006) | Disorder incidents (O’Shea, 2006) | Homicide clearance rate (Borg & Parker, 2001) |
| Economic support policies (Flavin & Radcliff, 2009) | Banking and fringe banking (A. M. Lee, Gainey, & Triplett, 2014) | Density of street gang activity (Robinson et al., 2009) | Inequality in police strength (Thacher, 2011) |
| Gender equality (Lei et al., 2014) | Business presence (Browning & Jackson, 2013) | Ethnic heterogeneity (Pizarro & McGloin, 2006) | Informal social control (Martinez et al., 2010) |
| Gender Legislative Equality (Titterington, 2006) | Collective capacity-organization (Borg & Parker, 2001) | Immigration (Martinez et al., 2010) | Institutional social capital (Gomez & Muntaner, 2005) |
| Gender Political Inequality (Titterington, 2006) | Community services (Abrams & Freisthler, 2010) | Neighborhood abandonment (Hipp et al., 2009) | Juvenile arrests (Sugimoto-Matsuda et al., 2012) |
| Gender Socioeconomic Inequality (Titterington, 2006) | Concentrated affluence (Wright et al., 2013) | Neighborhood esthetics (Lovasi et al., 2013) | Neighborhood social interaction/support (Stockdale et al., 2007) |
| Income Inequality (Hipp, 2007) | Economic deprivation (Peterson et al., 2000) | Neighborhood condition (O’Shea, 2006) | Police misconduct (Kane, 2005) |
| Macroeconomic climate (Krivo et al., 2009) | Economic disadvantage (Browning et al., 2010) | Neighborhood dilapidation (Limbos & Casteel, 2008) | Police responsiveness to communities (Kane, 2005) |
| Relative racial income inequality (Hipp et al., 2009) | Economic independence (M. R. Lee, 2008) | Neighborhood heterogeneity (Mares, 2010) | Police use of force (Terrill & Reisig, 2003) |
| Strength of punishment laws (Jacobs & Carmichael, 2001) | Healthcare resources (Jogerst et al., 2000) | Physical environment as a risk factor for crime (Heslin et al., 2007) | Religious Integration (Barkan et al., 2013) |
| Homeownership (Hipp et al., 2009) | Population density (Morenoff et al., 2001) | Social capital (Congdon, 2011) | |
| Index of concentration at the extremes (Morenoff et al., 2001) | Population heterogeneity (Martinez et al., 2008) | Social network, cohesiveness (Silenzio et al., 2009) | |
| Labor market opportunity (Bellair et al., 2003) | Population structure (Messner et al., 2004) | ||
| Local capitalism (M. R. Lee, 2008) | Racial/ethnic concentration (Cubbin et al., 2000) | ||
| Local investment (M. R. Lee, 2008) | Residential instability (Beyer et al., 2013) | ||
| Neighborhood advantage (DuMont et al., 2007) | Residential mobility (Kubrin, 2003) | ||
| Neighborhood economic resources (Hipp et al., 2009) | Residential stability (Li et al., 2010) | ||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (Karriker-Jaffe et al., 2011) | Social and physical disorder (Messer et al., 2013) | ||
| Organizational resources (Stockdale et al., 2007) | Social deprivation (Wu, 2009) | ||
| Police strength (Thacher, 2011) | Social disorganization (Kaylen & Pridemore, 2011) | ||
| Presence of local institutions (Peterson et al., 2000) | Urbanization (Pizarro & McGloin, 2006) | ||
| Race-specific structural disadvantage (Light & Harris, 2012) | Vacancy rate (Papachristos et al., 2013) | ||
| Retail environment/vibrancy (Hipp, 2010) | |||
| Service distribution (Tiefenthaler et al., 2005) | |||
| Services (Gershoff et al., 2009) | |||
| Stratification (Borg and Parker, 2001) | |||
| Underlying community capacities/supports (Kane, 2011) | |||
| Voluntary organizations (Kane, 2011) | |||
| Wealth (Pruchno et al., 2012) |
Source: Adapted from the WHO Social Determinants of Health Framework.