TABLE A1.
Socioeconomic and Political Context
| Community constructs | Indicators | Data source |
|---|---|---|
| Economic conditions related to women’s opportunity costs of keeping children (Bitler & Madeline, 2002) | The employment-population ratio in the state (number of people employed/number aged 16 and older); unemployment rate; real per capita personal income; real manufacturing wage; real average AFDC benefit per recipient familya | Bureau of Economic Analysis; Bureau of Labor Statistics; US Census |
| Economic income inequality (Jacobs & Carmichael, 2002) | Gini Indexb and ratio of Black-to-White median household incomes | US Census |
| Economic inequality (Jacobs & Carmichael, 2001) | Gini Index | US Census |
| Gender equality (Lei, Simons, Simons, & Edmond, 2014) | Index of female-to-male ratio of those 25 years and older with 4 or more years of college education; the female-to-male ratio of those 16 years and older employed in management, professional, and related occupations; and the female-to-male ratio of income levels | US Census |
| Gender Socioeconomic Inequality (Titterington, 2006) | Index of female-to-male ratio of college completion, female-to-male ratio of fulltime employment, female to male ratio of median income for full-time employees, female to male ratio of employment in professional occupations, and female-to-male ratio of above-poverty level households | Local elected official/congressional data |
| Gender Political Inequality (Titterington, 2006) | Index of female political representation: Total count of female mayor, female county commissioners, female state congressional representation, and female federal congressional representation | US Census |
| Gender Legislative Equality (Titterington, 2006) | Index of the presence of the following: Fair Employment Practices Act (whether women may file lawsuit personally under Fair Employment Practices Act), state passed equal pay laws (women may file lawsuit personally under equal pay laws), sex discrimination law in the area of public accommodations, sex discrimination law in the area of housing, sex discrimination law in the area of financing, sex discrimination law in the area of education, statutes that provide for civil injunction relief for victims of abuse, statutes that define the physical abuse of a family or household member as a criminal offense, statutes that permit warrantless arrest based on probable cause in domestic violence cases, statutes that require data collection and reporting of family violence by agencies that serve these families, statutes that provide funds for family violence shelters or established standards of shelter operations | The Rights of Women Projectc |
| Income Inequality (Hipp, 2007) | Income inequality between racial/ ethnic groups: ratio of white to African American income, ratio white to Latino income (log transformed); | US Census |
| Within-group income inequality: Gini coefficient for family income for each racial/ethnic group, multiplied by the proportion of the tract comprised by each group, and summed | ||
| Economic support policies (Flavin & Radcliff, 2009) | Index of transfer payments: Per capita transfer receipts from federal and state governments to individuals including current transfer receipts of individuals from governments including retirement and disability insurance benefits, medical benefits, income maintenance benefits, unemployment insurance compensation, veterans’ benefits, and education and training assistance; | Bureau of Economic Analysis |
| Index of medical benefits: Per capita federal and state medical benefits transferred to individuals including Medicare and Medicaid benefits, public assistance medical care such as the state children’s health insurance program (SCHIP), and military medical insurance benefits; | ||
| Index of family assistance: Per capita Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC; 1990–1996) and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF; 1997–2000) payments | ||
| Macroeconomic climate (Krivo et al., 2009) | Percentage of adult workers employed in manufacturing industries | National Neighborhood Crime Study |
| Relative racial income inequality (Hipp, Tita, & Boggess, 2009) | Difference in logged median income between Latino and African-American households for each tract | US Census |
| Absolute racial income inequality (Hipp et al., 2009) | Absolute value of logged relative racial income inequality | US Census |
| Strength of punishment laws (Jacobs & Carmichael, 2001) | State incarceration rate: Two-year average (after census) of the number prisoners per 100K population and Republican strength | US Census |
a
Multiple indicators that represent some form of an index are formatted with the prefix “index of”; constructs that are represented by multiple subconstructs are underlined and indices are separated by semi-colons; otherwise, multiple indicators that are not part of an index are separated by commas.
b
Gini Index/Gini Coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation, state, or community’s residents. The coefficient ranges between 0 (complete equality) and 1 (complete inequality).
c
The indicator can be found using other publicly available data sources (e.g., National Conference of State Legislators and National Women’s Law Center).