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. 2020 Jun 8;21:140. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01403-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Effect of caffeine on pulmonary alveolar simplification in lung. Hyperoxia exposure led to marked alveolar simplification as shown by the HE staining in the images and by the assessment of RAC, MLI and MAD. Caffeine treatment improved the hyperoxia-induced impairment of alveolar growth. a Representative HE staining (light microscopy, × 100) of lung tissue slides from each group. Scale bars = 100 μm. b Semiquantitative pathology determination of RAC in lung tissues. c Semiquantitative pathology determination of MLI in lung tissues. d Semiquantitative pathology determination of MAD in lung tissues. The values are the mean ± SD; n = 6 mice/group. **P < 0.01 Hyperoxia (HO) group versus Normoxia (NO) group, ^##P < 0.01 Hyperoxia + Caffeine (HC) group versus HO group, ^ΨP < 0.05, ^ΨΨP < 0.01 NO group versus HC group