Table 5.
Trace element concentration [18] reported in mature human milk in different populations.
| Mineral | Authors, Year, Reference, Country | Mean | SD | Range | Units |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron | |||||
| Fransson & Lonnerdal, 1983, [20], USA | 0.36 | 0.19 | mg/L | ||
| Dewey & Lonnerdal, 1983, [21], USA | 0.2 | mg/L | |||
| Garza et al., 1983, [22], USA | 0.3 | mg/L | |||
| Feeley et al., 1983, [48], USA | 0.76 | mg/L | |||
| Dewey et al., 1984, [24], USA | 0.2 | 0.1 | mg/L | ||
| Gunshin et al., 1985, [49], Japan | 0.32 | 0.16 | mg/L | ||
| WHO & IAEA, 1989 [26] | 0.07–0.35 | mg/L | |||
| Domellöf et al., 2004, [50], Honduras | 0.29 | 0.21 | mg/L | ||
| Yamawaki et al., 2005, [30], Japan | 1.19 | 2.51 | mg/L | ||
| Mastroeni et al., 2006, [31], Brazil | 0.90 | 0.5 | mg/L | ||
| Hannan et al., 2009, [51], USA | 0.5 | 1.0 | mg/L | ||
| Shi et al., 2011, [33], China | 0.50 | 0.2 | mg/L | ||
| Mello-Neto et al., 2012, [52], Brazil | 0.3 | 0.2 | mg/L | ||
| Björklund et al., 2012, [34], Sweden | 0.33 | 0.19 | mg/L | ||
| Roy et al., 2014, [45], India | 0.162 | 0.06 | mg/L | ||
| Andrade et al., 2104, [35], Brazil | 0.27 | 0.4 | mg/L | ||
| Klein et al., 2017, [36], USA | 1.27 | 0.26 | mg/L | ||
| Klein et al., 2017, [36], Namibia | 1.53 | 0.86 | mg/L | ||
| Klein et al., 2017, [36] Poland | 1 | 0.15 | mg/L | ||
| Klein et al., 2017, [36], Argentina | 0.99 | 0.21 | mg/L | ||
| Aumeistere et al., 2017, [37], Latvia | 0.31 | mg/L | |||
| Perrin et al., 2017, [38], USA | 0.20 | mg/L | |||
| Sabatier et al., 2019, [40], Switzerland | 0.44 | 0.26 | mg/L | ||
| Daniels et al., 2019, [41], Indonesia | 0.33 | mg/L | |||
| Peixoto et al., 2019, [53] Brazil | 0.01–0.52 | mg/L | |||
| Present study, 2019, NW Spain | 0.23 | 0.06–0.75 | mg/L | ||
| Selenium | |||||
| WHO & IAEA, 1989 [26] | 13.0–33.0 | µg/L | |||
| Casey et al., 1989, [54], USA | 7–20.0 | µg/L | |||
| Krachler et al., 1998, [55], Austria | 17 | µg/L | |||
| Zachara & Pilecki, 2000, [56], Poland | 8.81–11.58 | µg/L | |||
| Navarro-Blasco & Alvarez-Galindo, 2004, [57], Spain | 16.3 | 4.7 | µg/L | ||
| Yamawaki et al., 2005, [30], Japan | 15.3 | 2.5 | µg/L | ||
| Özdemir et al., 2008, [58], Turkey | 68.63 | 7.78 | µg/L | ||
| Hannan et al., 2009, [51], USA | 15.9 | 4.1 | µg/L | ||
| Shi et al., 2011, [33], China | 15.0 | 6.0 | µg/L | ||
| Björklund et al., 2012, [34], Sweden | 13.00 | 2.6 | µg/L | ||
| Butts et al., 2018, [39], New Zealand | 13–16 | µg/L | |||
| Sabatier et al., 2019, [40], Switzerland | 15.0 | 4.2 | µg/L | ||
| Daniels et al., 2019, [41], Indonesia | 8.7–12.9 | µg/L | |||
| Peixoto et al., 2019, [53] Brazil | 2.5–70.6 | µg/L | |||
| Present study, 2019, NW Spain | 15.13 | 4.37–148.97 | µg/L | ||
| Iodine | |||||
| Fernández Sánchez et al., 2007, [59], Spain | 144 | 93.2 | µg/L | ||
| Dasgupta et al., 2008, [60], USA | 110 | µg/L | |||
| Leung et al., 2009, [61], USA | 51.4 | µg/L | |||
| Hannan et al., 2009, [51], USA | 47.8 | 17.1 | µg/L | ||
| Andersson et al., 2010, [62], Switzerland | 49 | µg/L | |||
| Andersen et al., 2014, [63], Denmark | 83 | µg/L | |||
| Mekrungcharas et al., 2014, [64], Thailand | 129.7 | µg/L | |||
| Sabatier et al., 2019, [40] Switzerland | 87 | 41 | µg/L | ||
| Present study, 2019, NW Spain | 95.44 | 11.25–247.63 | µg/L | ||