Figure 1.

Neuroprotective effects of aerobic exercise and natural antioxidant compounds. The neuroprotective effects of physical activity and antioxidant compounds are related to (i) the production of glutathione that increases mitochondrial activity and prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; (ii) the increase of mitochondrial activity through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis and ATP production; (iii) the reduction of the pro-inflammatory molecules; (iv) the reduction of endothelial dysfunction and the inhibition of microglial activation, the increasing of intracellular level of cysteine.