Table 1. Quality assessment of the included studies through the QUADAS-2 tool.

	Risk of Bias					Applicability Concerns
Study	Patient selection	Index test	Reference standards	Flow & timing	Total risk of bias	Patient selection	Index test	Reference standards	Total applicability concerns
Almukhtar et al., PLoS One (2014)	☺	☺	☺	☺	☹	☺	☹	☹	☹
Bazina et al., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2018)	☺	☹	☹	☺	☹	☺	☹	☹	☹
Cevidanes et al., Dentomaxillofac Radiol (2005)	?	☺	☺	☺	?	?	☺	☺	?
Cevidanes et al., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2009)	☹	☺	?	☺	☹	☹	☺	?	☹
Gkantidis et al., PLoS One (2015	☺	☺	☺	☺	☺	☹	☺	☺	☹
Ghoneima et al., Orthod Craniofac Res (2017)	☹	☹	☹	☹	☹	☹	☹	☹	☹
Häner et al., Orthod Craniofac Res (2019)	?	?	?	☺	?	?	?	?	?
Koerich et al., Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg (2016)	☺	☺	☹	☺	☹	☹	☺	☹	☹
Koerich et al., Angle Orthod (2017)	?	☺	☹	?	☹	☹	☺	☺	☺
Lemieux et al., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2014)	?	☹	☹	?	☹	?	☹	☹	☹
Nada et al., PLoS One (2011)	☺	☹	?	☺	☹	?	☹	☺	☹
Nguyen et al., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2017)	☹	☹	☹	☺	☹	☹	☹	☹	☹
Ruellas et al., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2016a)	☺	☹	☹	☹	☹	☺	☹	☹	☹
Ruellas et al., PLoS One (2016b)	☺	☹	☹	☹	☹	?	☹	☹	☹
Weissheimer et al., Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg (2015)	☹	☹	?	☺	☹	☹	☹	?	☹

Notes.

^☺low risk of bias/low applicability concerns.

^☹high risk of bias/high applicability concerns.

^?unclear risk of bias/unclear applicability concerns.