Skip to main content
. 2020 Jun 5;8:e9263. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9263

Table 3. Main superimposition-related characteristics of the included studies.

Study Superimposition methods References No of Operators Machines Acquisition parameters Software
Almukhtar et al., PLoS One (2014) Voxel-based registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities)
Surface-based registration (iterative closest point)		 VBR: Anterior cranial base (extended to involve the frontal bone) and forehead region (including the forehead and the eyes)
SBR: Anterior cranial base (for the hard tissue) and forehead region (for the soft tissue)		 NA CBCT: i-CAT Classic (Imaging Sciences, Hatfield, UK) NA Maxilim software (Medicim-Medical Image Computing, Belgium) for voxel-based registration (VBR).
VRMesh software (VirtualGrid, Bellevue City, WA) for surface-based registration (SBR).
Bazina et al.,
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2018)		 Voxel-based Registration (approximation using 3 landmarks located at the right and left frontozygomatic sutures and the left mental foramen) Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) 1 CBCT: CB MercuRay scanner (Hitachi Medical Systems America Inc, Twinsburg, OH) Tube voltage: 120 kVp; Tube current: 15 mA; FOV: 12-in; Grey scale 4096; Voxel size: 0.38 mm3; Exposure: 9.5 s 1. Dolphin 3D software (version 11.8.06.15 premium; Dolphin Imaging, Chatsworth, Calif) for the registration of T2 CBCT image to T1.
2. ITK-SNAP software program (version 3.0.0; http://www.itksnap.org) and 3D Slicer (version 4.4.0; http://www.slicer.org) for DICOM files conversion, segmentation of the area of cranial base and image registration.
Cevidanes et al.,
Dentomaxillofac Radiol (2005)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) Cranial base 3
 CBCT: NewTom 9000 (Aperio Services LLC, Sarasota, FL, 34236) FOV: 23x23 cm; Exposure: 70 s MIRIT Software for the fully automated rigid registration.
VALMET Software for the 3D models comparison.
Cevidanes et al.,
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2009)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) Anterior cranial base 3
 CBCT: iCat (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) FOV: 16x22 cm; Voxel size: 0.5 mm3; Exposure: 40 s Imagine software (http://ia.unc.edu/dev/download/imagine/index.htm) for the rigid registration.
Gkantidis et al.,
PLoS One (2015		 Surface-based registration (iterative closest point) 1. Three point registration (3P); 2. One zygomatic arch (1Z); 3. Both zygomatic arches (BZ); 4. Anterior cranial base (AC: body and small wing of the sphenoid bone and part of the bottom of the anterior cranial fossa); 5. Anterior cranial base + Foramen magnum (middle posterior part of the edge of the foramen magnum) (AC+F) 3 CT: Philipps Brillance 16 CT Scanner Tube voltage: 120 kV; Tube current: 293 mA; FOV: 21x21x12 cm; Voxel size: 0.3mm3; Exposure: 2.5 s; Slice thickness: 0.8 mm; Spacing between slices: 0.4 mm; Spatial resolution: 16 lp/cm Geomagic Qualify 2012 software for Windows (Geomagic GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany) for data conversion, model processing, registration, and 3D analysis.
Ghoneima et al.,
Orthod Craniofac Res (2017)		 1. Landmark-based Registration
2. Surface-based Registration (iterative closest point)
3. Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities)		 1. Seven homologous points on the frontal and zygomatic bones
2. Anterior cranial base surface
3. Anterior cranial base (anterior wall of frontal sinus anteriorly, the anterior clinoid process posteriorly, the superior wall of ethmoid sinus superiorly and the inferior floor of sphenoid sinus inferiorly)		 NA CBCT: iCAT 3D imaging System (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) Tube voltage: 120 kV; Tube current: 20 mA; FOV: 17 × 23 cm; Voxel size: 0.3 mm3; Exposure: 8.9 s 1 and 3: Dolphin software version 11.8 Premium (Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, CA, USA) for the registration.
2: 3dMD Vultus software (3dMD, Atlanta, GA, USA) for the registration.
Häner et al.,
Orthod Craniofac Res (2019)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) Anterior cranial base (from the middle of the sella turcica to the posterior wall of the sinus frontalis. The vertical height of the area is about 3.5 cm. The lower vertical limit was set 2-4 mm below the lowest point of the sella turcica. The lateral limits extend till the lateral walls of the cranium) 2 CBCT: KaVo3D eXam (Hatfield, PA 19440, USA) Tube voltage: 120 kV; Tube current: 5 mA; FOV: 170 height mm x 232 mm; Voxel size: 0.4 mm3; Scan time: 8.9 s; Exposure: 3.7 s Dolphin 3D software (version 2.1.6079.17633) for surface model creation and the voxel-based registration.
Viewbox 4 software (version 4.1.0.1 BETA 64) for surface model processing and analysis.
Koerich et al.,
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg (2016)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) Maxilla (zygomatic process and palate) and Mandible (Symphysis, corpus and part of ramus) 2
 1. CBCT: Kodak Carestream 9300 (Carestream Health Inc., Rochester, NY, USA)
2. CBCT: i-CAT scanner (Imaging Sciences International LLC, Hatfield, PA, USA)		 1. Tube voltage: 85 kVp; Tube current: 4 mA; FOV: 13.5x17 cm; Voxel size: 0.3mm3; Exposure: 11.3 s
2. Tube voltage: 120 kVp; Tube current: 8 mA; FOV: 16x13 cm; Voxel size: 0.25 mm3; Exposure: 27 s		 OnDemand 3D software v1.0.10.5261 (Cybermed, Seoul, Korea) for image processing, segmentation and registration.
VAM software (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ, USA) for analysis.
Koerich et al.,
Angle Orthod (2017)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) Lower mandibular border below to tooth apices, extending from the middle of the symphysis to the distal of the first molars 2 CBCT: i-CAT scanner (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) Tube voltage: 120 kVp; Tube current: 8 mA; Voxel size: 0.3 mm3; Exposure: 40 s OnDemand 3D software v1.0.10.5261 (Cybermed, Seoul, Korea) for image processing, segmentation and registration.
VAM software (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ, USA) for analysis.
Lemieux et al.,
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2014)		 Landmark-derived plane Registration Maxillary superimposition plane formed by nasion, bilateral infraorbital foramina and incisive foramen 1 CBCT: NewTom 3G volumetric scanner (Aperio, Verona, Italy) Tube voltage: 110 kV; Tube current: 6.19 mAs; Voxel size: 0.25 mm3; Thickness Aluminium filtre: 8 mm MATLAB software (R2008a; MathWorks, Natick, Mass) for landmarks-based registration.
Avizo software (version 6.0; Visualization Sciences Group, Burlington, Mass) for landmark location and analysis.
Nada et al.,
PLoS One (2011)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of the grey scale intensities) 1. Anterior cranial base (AC)
2. Left zygomatic arch (ZL)		 2
 CBCT: i-CAT 3D Imaging System (Imaging Sciences International INC, Hatfield, PA, USA) FOV: 22x16 cm; Voxel size: 0.4 mm3 Maxilim software (Medicim, Mechelen, Belgium) for 3D model construction, superimposition and analysis
Nguyen et al.,
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2017)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) 1. Bony plates and mini-screws in the mandibular anterior area
2. Chin (anterior surface of the chin bounded vertically from pogonion to B-point and laterally at the distal-incisal point of the right and left lateral incisors) + Symphysis (internal cortical bone of the mandibular symphysis at the lateral limit of its lingual surface and from its inferior border to the level of the center of both mental foramina)		 2
 CBCT: i-CAT machine (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA)
CBCT: NewTom 3G (AFP Imaging, Elmsford, NY)		 Tube voltage: 12 kV(p); Tube current: 5 mA; Voxel size: 0.3 mm3; Exposure: 20–25 s ITK-SNAP software (version 3.6; open-source software, http://www.itksnap.org) for 3D mandibular models creation.
Slicer CMF software (version 3.1; http://www.slicer.org) to create surface models and registration.
Ruellas et al.,
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (2016a)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of the grey scale intensities) 1. Maxillary region (maxillary bone clipped inferiorly at the dentoalveolar processes, superiorly at the plane passing through the right and left orbitale points, laterally at the zygomatic processes through the orbitale point, and posteriorly till the distal surface of the second molars)
2. Palate and Infrazygomatic region (same as above cropped posteriorly distal aspects to the first molars and anteriorly at the canines)		 2 CBCT: i-Cat machine (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) FOV: 16 × 22 cm; Voxel size: 0.4 mm3 Slicer software (version 4.3.1; http://www.slicer.org) for the registration
ITK-SNAP software (http://www.itksnap.org) for data conversion and 3D models construction.
VECTRA Anaylsis Module software (version 3.7.6; Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ) for landmark generation and analysis.
Ruellas et al.,
PLoS One (2016b)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) 1. Maxillary region (maxillary bone clipped inferiorly at the dentoalveolar processes, superiorly at the plane passing through the right and left orbitale points, laterally at the zygomatic processes through the orbitale point, and posteriorly at a plane passing through the distal surface of the second molars)
2. Palate & infrazygomatic region (same as above cropped posteriorly at the plane passing through the distal aspects of the first molars and anteriorly at the canines)		 NA CBCT: NA FOV: 16x22 cm; Voxel size: 0.4 mm3 Slicer software (v4.4; http://www.slicer.org) for data analysis and registration.
ITK-SNAP software (http://www.itkspnap.org) for the segmentation.
Weissheimer et al.,
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg (2015)		 Voxel-based Registration (iterative best match of grey scale intensities) Anterior cranial base NA
 CBCT: iCat (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) Tube voltage: 120 kVp; 8 mA; FOV: large; Voxel size: 0.25 mm3; Exposure: 40 s OnDemand 3D software v1.0.10.5261 (Cybermed, Seoul, Korea) for the registration.