Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of the association between maternal nutrition, oxidative stress, renal programming, and increased vulnerability to kidney disease and hypertension in adult offspring. Red arrow indicates imbalanced nutrients in pregnancy and lactation causes oxidative stress and renal programming, consequently leading to kidney disease and hypertension in adult offspring. There are several signaling systems for maintaining the redox balance, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Conversely, certain antioxidant nutrients can serve as reprogramming strategies to reverse the programmed processes and prevent the developmental programming of kidney disease and hypertension, which is indicated by blue arrow and lines.