Table 2.
Antioxidant nutrients used as reprogramming strategies to prevent hypertension and kidney disease of developmental origins.
| Antioxidant Nutrients | Animal Models | Protective Effects | Species/Gender | Age at Measure (Week) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acids | |||||
| 3% glycine in chow during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal protein restriction | Prevented hypertension | Wistar/M | 4 | [38] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation | Maternal caloric restriction | Prevented reduced nephron number and renal dysfunction | SD/M | 12 | [25] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation | Maternal L-NAME exposure | Prevented hypertension | SD/M | 12 | [89] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes | Prevented hypertension and kidney damage | SD/M | 12 | [80] |
| 2.5 g/L citrulline in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation | Prenatal dexamethasone exposure | Prevented hypertension | SD/M | 12 | [90] |
| 3% taurine in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation | Maternal high-sugar diet | Prevented hypertension and renal excretion function | SD rat/F | 8 | [91] |
| 3% taurine in drinking water in pregnancy and lactation | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes | Prevented hypertension | Wistar/M and F | 16 | [92] |
| 1% NAC in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal L-NAME exposure | Prevented hypertension | SD rat/M | 12 | [79] |
| 1% NAC in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high-fat diet | Prevented hypertension | SD rat/M | 12 | [85] |
| 1% NAC in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Suramin-induced pre-eclampsia | Prevented hypertension | SD rat/M | 12 | [93] |
| NAC (500 mg/kg/day) in drinking water from gestational day 4 to postnatal day 10 | Maternal nicotine exposure | Prevented hypertension | SD rat/M | 32 | [94] |
| BCAA-supplemented diets in pregnancy | Maternal caloric restriction | Prevented hypertension | SD/M | 16 | [27] |
| Fatty acids | |||||
| Conjugated linoleic acid in pregnancy and lactation | Maternal high-fat diet | Attenuated hypertension | SD/M | 18 | [95] |
| Vitamins and trace minerals | |||||
| Micronutrients (Vitamin C, E, selenium, and folic acid) by oral gavage in pregnancy | Maternal caloric restriction | Prevented hypertension | Wistar/M+F | 16 | [24] |
| Vitamin C (350 mg/kg/day) i.p. daily from gestational day 8 to 14 | Prenatal LPS exposure | Prevented hypertension and proteinuria | SD/M | 12 | [96] |
| α-tocopherol (350 mg/kg body weight) daily during lactation | Multideficient diet | Prevented hypertension and renal dysfunction | Wistar/M | 21 | [61] |
| 5 mg/kg folate in chow during pregnancy | Maternal protein restriction | Prevented hypertension | Wistar/M | 15 | [97] |
| Selenium (0.5 mg/kg) in chow from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 14 | Maternal methimazole exposure | Prevented renal dysfunction | Wistar/M+F | 2 | [98] |
| Dietary fiber | |||||
| 5% w/w long-chain inulin during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal high-fructose diet | Prevented hypertension | SD/M | 12 | [99] |
| 5% w/w long-chain inulin during pregnancy and lactation | Perinatal high-fat diet | Prevented hypertension | SD/M | 16 | [45] |
| Nutraceuticals | |||||
| Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Prenatal L-NAME exposure plus postnatal high-fat diet | Attenuated hypertension | SD/M | 16 | [100] |
| Resveratrol (50 mg/L) in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation | Maternal exposure to bisphenol A plus high-fat diet | Prevented hypertension | SD/M | 16 | [101] |
Studies tabulated according to types of antioxidant nutrients, animal models, and age at measure. BCAA = branched-chain amino acid. LPS = lipopolysaccharide. NAC = N−acetylcysteine. L−NAME = NG−nitro−L−arginine−methyl ester. SD = Sprague−Dawley rat. M = male. F = female.