Figure 2.

The production of scaffold-free AT-MSC constructs using the “mold” for osteochondral regeneration in vivo: (a) Scaffold-free cell construct and osteochondral defects are prepared for implantation. (b) A scaffold-free cell construct is implanted into an osteochondral defect. (c) AT-MSCs in the construct are differentiated to chondrocytes and osteocytes, followed by regeneration of articular cartilage in the surface layer and formation of subchondral bone in the deep layer at the implanted site.