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The fabrication of scaffold-free AT-MSC constructs using the “Kenzan”. (a) Spheroids are skewered onto the “Kenzan” automatically using a bio-3D printer and employed to fabricate scaffold-free tubular cell constructs. (b) Spheroids are cultured on the microneedles of the “Kenzan” to fuse with each other. (c) The scaffold-free cell construct is retrieved from the “Kenzan” and additionally cultured on tubular support for further maturation.
