Table 2.
Role of the high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1-receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) axis in cancer progression.
| Cell Lines/Samples | Study Type | Mechanisms of Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glioma (C6) | In vitro | ↑ERK1/2, ↑p38, ↑SAPK/JNK | [62] |
| Murine Lewis lung carcinoma | In vitro | ↑ERK1/2, ↑p38, ↑SAPK/JNK | [62] |
| Mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) | In vitro | ↑Bcl-2 | [87] |
| Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) | In vitro | ↑Bcl-2 | [87] |
| Human colon carcinoma (Colo320 and WiDr) | In vitro | ↑ERK1/2, ↑Rac1, ↑Akt, ↑MMP9 | [13] |
| Human pancreatic carcinoma (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2) | In vitro | ↑MMP9 | [71] |
| Human rhabdomyosarcoma (TE671) | In vitro | ↑Cdc42-Rac1-MKK6-p38 | [61] |
| Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | In vitro | ↑VEGF | [83] |
| Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Panc 2.03) | In vitro | ↑Beclin-1 | [54] |
| Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | In vitro | ↑VEGF | [84] |
| Human pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB | [74] |
| Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (KYSE-150) | In vitro | ↑VEGF-C | [88] |
| Human renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) | In vitro | ↑ERK1/2 | [56] |
| Human thyroid carcinoma (BC PAP) | In vitro | ↑miR-221/222, ↓PTEN | [66] |
| Human chondrosarcoma (JJ012) | In vitro | ↑PI3K/Akt/c-Jun/AP-1, ↑α5β1 integrin | [81] |
| Human lung cancer (95D) | In vitro | ↑MMP2, ↑MMP9, ↑CDK-2 | [60] |
| Human hepatocarcinoma (HUH 7) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB, ↑p65 | [14] |
| Human hepatocarcinoma (H22) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB, ↑MMP9 | [72] |
| Liver carcinogenesis in mice | In vivo | ↑ERK1/2, ↑Cyclin D1 | [57] |
| Human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB | [75] |
| Mouse melanoma (B16-F10) | In vitro | ↑STAT3 | [89] |
| Human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | In vitro | ↑JNK, ↑NF-κB | [76] |
| Pancreatic tumor (human Panc2.03, human Panc3.27, mouse Panc02) | In vitro | ↑ATP | [90] |
| Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | In vitro | ↑NF-кB | [77] |
| Murine lung cancer (Lewis cells) | In vitro | ↑PI3K/Akt, ↑ERK1/2, ↑Bcl-2, ↓Bax | [82] |
| Human breast cancer (MCF-7) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB | [78] |
| Human bladder carcinoma (5637, BIU-87, T24, and SV-HUC-1) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB, ↑VEGF | [85] |
| Human thyroid carcinoma (BC PAP) | In vitro | ↑miR-221/222, ↓PTEN | [65] |
| Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HONE-1) | In vitro | ↑Bcl-2, ↑p-ERK1/2, ↓caspase-3, ↓Bax | [86] |
| Murine Lung cancer (Lewis cells) | In vitro | ↑ERK1/2 | [91] |
| Human gastric carcinoma (BGC-823, SGC-7901, MKN-28, and MKN-45) | In vitro | ↑ERK1/2 | [58] |
| Human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116 and LoVo) | In vitro | ↑-Snail/NF-κB, ↑MMP7 | [70] |
| Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | In vitro | ↑MMP2, ↑ERK1/2, ↑p38, ↑SAPK/JNK, ↑MEK1/2, ↑SEK1, ↑c-Jun, ↑c-Myc, ↓p21 | [59] |
| Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) | In vitro | ↑MAPK, ↑PI3K | [55] |
| Human breast cancer (MCF-7) | In vitro | ↑MAPK, ↑PI3K | [55] |
| Human adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) | In vitro | ↑MAPK, ↑PI3K | [55] |
| Human hypopharyngeal carcinoma (FaDu) | In vitro | ↑Vimentin, ↑Snail | [80] |
| Cervical carcinomas (human specimens and HeLa cells) | In vivo | ↑NF-κB, ↑N-cadherin↓E-cadherin | [79] |
| Human colorectal carcinoma (LoVo) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB | [92] |
| Human prostate cancer (PC-3) | In vitro | ↑NF-κB, ↑MMP1, ↑MMP3, ↑MMP10 | [93] |
Akt; protein kinase B, AP-1; activator protein 1, ATP; adenosine triphosphate, Bax; Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bcl-2; B-cell lymphoma 2, Cdc42; cell division control protein 42 homolog, CDK-2; cyclin-dependent kinase-2, ERK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase, JNK; c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MKK6; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6, MMPs; matrix metalloproteinases, NF-κB; nuclear factor kappa B, PI3K; phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase, PTEN; phosphatase and tensin homolog, Rac1; Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, SAPK; stress-activated protein kinases, STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, VEGF; vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C; vascular endothelial growth factor C. The arrow pointing up (↑) means increase or upregulation. The arrow pointing down (↓) means decrease or downregulation.