Table 1.

Examples of molecules for the synthesis and activity of androgens and estrogens.

Pharmacological Targets	Synthetic Compounds	Natural Compounds
Aromatase	Exemestane [45] Anastrozole [47] 7α-substituted steroids [50]. Δ4-androstenedione derivatives [51].	Melatonin [44] Naringin, apigenin, berberine, palmatine, bavachin, jatrorrhizine, bavachinin [80] Alangenes [82] Extracts of Brassaiopsis glomerulata [84] Bakuchiol [85] Extracts of Sarcococca saligna [86] Shu-Gan-Liang-Xue decoction [87,88] Aqueous extracts of white button mushrooms [90] Butein [89] Obacunone [91]
5α-reductase	Finasteride [53] Dutasteride [54]	Serenoa repens extracts [92] Ethanolic extracts of Epilobium angustifolium [93] (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, kaempferol [94] caffeic acid, grandifloroside [95] polyphenols from Cynomorium songaricum [96]
Androgen receptor (SARM)	Bicalutamide [65] Enzalutamide [69] Darolutamide [71]	Methanolic extract of Brosimum rubescens bark [98] 3,3′-diindolylmethane [99]
Androgen receptor (SARD)	Darolutamide derivatives [79]	Tanshinone IIA [100] Ethanolic extracts from propolis [101]
Estrogen receptor (SERM)	Tamoxifen [61] Raloxifene [62]	Extracts of Schisandra glaucescens [102] Extracts of Urtica dioica [103]
Estrogen receptor (SERD)	Fulvestrant [72] 6-OH benzothiophene [78]	Tanshinone IIA [100]

SARD, specific androgen receptor degrader/down-regulator; SARM, specific estrogen receptor modulator; SERD, specific estrogen receptor degrader/down-regulator; SERM, specific estrogen receptor modulator. For more information, refer to the main text.