Figure 5.

The known and proposed effects of HDL on endothelial cell metabolism. A diagram depicting the changes in endothelial cell metabolism caused by HDL under conditions of high glucose and hypoxia. Bold lines indicate an increase, dashed lines indicate a decrease. ETC, electron transport chain; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FOXO1, forkhead box O1; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; PDK4, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; PHDs, prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.