Table 8.
Traditional materials used for bone repair [33].
| Material | Type of material | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | Autologous bone | Biocompatible with high bone fusion rate | Limited sources |
| Allogenic bone | Relatively high bone fusion rate | Immune rejection | |
| Heterologous bone | Wide variety of sources | Severe immune rejection and poor bone formation | |
| Bone cement | Non-bioactive bone cement | Easy fit, good hardening properties | Poor biocompatibility, non-osteoinductive, non-osteoconductive |
| Bioactive bone cement | High strength, stability and bone induction activity | Insufficient mechanical properties, expensive | |
| Metal | Stainless steel | Easy processing, inexpensive | High stiffness, poor biocompatibility |
| Titanium alloy | Biocompatible, corrosion resistance | Poor wear resistance | |
| Cobalt chromium alloy | Biocompatible, high corrosion resistance | Low ductility | |
| Ceramic | Aluminium oxide | Inertness, high corrosion resistance | Possible local stress |
| Apatite-wollas-tonite glass ceramic | Good biological activity | Brittleness, poor flexibility | |
| Polymer | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) | Biocompatible, degradable | Possible disruption |
| PMMA | Corrosion resistance, easy fit | Poor biocompatible | |
| Chitosan | High degradable and biocompatible, porous structure, good mechanical properties | Non-osteoinductive, inadequate bone formation ability, low solubility | |
| Alginate | Easy to manipulate, non-toxic, biodegradable, less expensive | Low mechanical stability |