Table 2.
Antiviral activities of essential oil components.
| Essential Oil Component | Assay | IC50 (μg/mL) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| (E)−Anethole | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 20 | [59] |
| Camphor | Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 | 2600 | [72] |
| Carvacrol | MTT assay (Mardin−Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, HSV-1 | 48.6 | [63] |
| β-Caryophyllene | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 0.25 | [59] |
| Caryophyllene oxide | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 0.7 | [59] |
| 1,8-Cineole | Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 | 1800 | [72] |
| 1,8-Cineole | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 1200 | [52] |
| (E)-Cinnamaldehyde | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | 70% at a concentration of 0.53% after 3 h | [95] |
| (E)-Cinnamaldehyde | H1N1 in-vivo by inhalation in a mouse model | 89% inhibition | [95] |
| Citral (Geranial + Neral) | Yellow fever (YFV), Vero cells | 17.6 | [62] |
| Citral (Geranial + Neral) | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 3.50 | [52] |
| p-Cymene | Influenza, HSV-1, HSV-2, ECHO 9, Cox B1, Polio 1, Adeno 6 | >500 | [31] |
| p-Cymene | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 16 | [52] |
| p-Cymene | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | Inactive | [25] |
| Dodecanal | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | 51 | [54] |
| β-Eudesmol | Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 | 6 | [59] |
| Eugenol | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 35 | [59] |
| Eugenol | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 25.6 | [96] |
| Farnesol | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 3.5 | [59] |
| Germacrone | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | 1.22–1.55 | [97] |
| Germacrone | Influenza type A (H3N2) virus | 0.34 | [97] |
| Germacrone | Influenza type B virus | 1.38 | [97] |
| Isoborneol | Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 | <1000 | [98] |
| Nerolidol (natural) | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 4.2 | [99] |
| Nerolidol (synthetic) | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 1.5 | [99] |
| Octanal | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | 15 | [54] |
| Patchouli alcohol | Influenza type A (H1N1) | 89% inhibition at 10 μg/mL | [100] |
| Patchouli alcohol | Influenza type A (H2N2) | 0.89 | [101] |
| Patchouli alcohol | Influenza type A (H2N2), in-vivo test using a mouse model | 70% survival rate at a dose of 5 mg/(kg day) | [101] |
| α-Pinene | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 4.5 | [52] |
| Piperitenone oxide | Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells) | 1.4 | [64] |
| α-Terpinene | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | Inactive | [25] |
| α-Terpinene | Influenza, HSV-1, HSV-2, ECHO 9, Cox B1, Polio 1, Adeno 4 | >12 | [31] |
| α-Terpinene | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 8.5 | [52] |
| γ-Terpinene | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 7 | [52] |
| γ-Terpinene | Influenza, HSV-1, HSV-2, ECHO 9, Cox B1, Polio 1, Adeno 5 | >120 | [31] |
| γ-Terpinene | influenza type A (H1N1) virus | inactive | [25] |
| Terpinen-4-ol | Influenza, HSV-1, HSV-2, ECHO 9, Cox B1, Polio 1, Adeno 2 | 25 (influenza) >50 (others) |
[31] |
| Terpinen-4-ol | Plaque reduction assay (Vero cells), HSV-1 | 60 | [52] |
| α-Terpineol | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 22 | [52] |
| Terpinolene | Influenza, HSV-1, HSV-2, ECHO 9, Cox B1, Polio 1, Adeno 3 | 12 (influenza) >12 (others) |
[31] |
| Thujones (α & β) | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 400 | [72] |
| Thymol | Influenza type A (H1N1) virus | Active | [25] |
| Thymol | Plaque reduction assay (RC-37 cells), HSV-1 | 30 | [52] |
| 2-Undecanone | influenza type A (H1N1) virus | 62 | [54] |