Table 2.
Comparison between biological effects induced by anti-TG2 antibodies and the same/similar effects induced by P31-43 in control cells/biopsy cultures, in CD cells/biopsy cultures and in gliadin-sensitive cells (Caco-2 and T84 cells). N.d. not determined.
| Biological Process Investigated | Induced by Antibodies | Induced by P31-43 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Control Cells/Biopsies | In CD Cells/Biopsies | In Gliadin Sensitive Cells | In Control Cells | In CD Cells | In Gliadin Sensitive Cells | |
| Cell proliferation | No effect [94] | Increased [94] | Increased [56] | No effect [82] | Increased [82] | Increased [82] |
| ERK activation | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [56] | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [82] |
| Ca2+ ions mobilization | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [57] | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [84] |
| Protein phosphorylation | N.d. | N.d. | Several proteins modulated [106] | Increased phosphory-lation of paxillin and Fak [107]. No tyrosine phosphory-lation [46] | Increased phosphory-lation of paxillin and Fak, more than in control cells [107]. Increased tyrosine phosphory- lation [46] |
Increased EGF-receptor phosphory-lation [82] |
| GRP-78 expression | N.d. | N.d. | Increased (unpublished data) | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [84] |
| Actin rearrangement | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [56] | Increased in fibroblasts, not increased in duodenal enterocytes [46] |
Increased in fibroblasts [107] and in duodenal enterocytes [46] | Increased [46,82] |
| Intracellular TG2 activity | N.d. | N.d. | Increased [57] | Increased [89] | Increased (less than in control cells) [89] | Increased [84] |
| Apoptosis | No effect [94] | No effect [94] | N.d. | No effect [81,82] | Increased [81,82] | Increased [46] |
| Vesicular trafficking | N.d. | N.d. | Interference with EGF endocytosis [56] | Transient delay of EGF/EGF-receptor trafficking [87] | Prolonged delay of EGF/EGF-receptor trafficking [87] | Interference with EGF endocytosis [82] |