Table 2.

Common autophagy inducer and their mechanism of action [136,137,138,139,140].

Commonly Used Autophagy Inducers
Autophagy Inducers	Mode of ACTION	mTOR-Dependent
Rapamycin	mTOR inhibitor	Yes
Everolimus	mTOR inhibitor	Yes
Temsirolimus	mTOR inhibitor	Yes
Torins	mTOR inhibitor	Yes
Perifosine	AKT inhibitor	Yes
Ezetimibe	AMPK activator; MAPK/ERK inhibitor	No
Carbamazepine	Ins and IP3 * inhibitor	No
Sodium valproate	Ins and IP3 * inhibitor	No
Xestospongin B	IP3 receptor inhibitor	No
Xestospongin C	IP3 receptor inhibitor	No
Lithium chloride	IMPase ** inhibitor	No
Trehalose	Glucose transporter inhibitor; AMPK activator	No
Amiodarone	Calcium channel blocker	No

* Ins: Inositol; IP₃: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. ** IMPase: Inositol monophosphatase.