Table 3.

Cardiovascular manifestations in COVID-19

Study	Type of study	Country	Main findings
Original studies and case reports
Shi et al.54	Prospective cohort	China	82/416 (19.7%) patients presented cardiac injury.
Deng et al.37	Retrospective study of 112 patients with COVID-19	China	14 (12.5%) presented abnormalities similar to myocarditis, but without typical signs on echocardiography and electrocardiogram.
Gao et al.38	Retrospective, observational registry of 102 patients with severe COVID-19, only 54 of whom entered the analysis (NCT04292964)	China	Patients with high NT-pro-BNP values (>88.64 pg/mL) had a significantly increased risk of death during follow-up
Bangalore et al.39	Cases series of 18 patients	USA	18 patients with COVID-19 presenting with ST-segment elevation, 10 of whom had non-coronary myocardial injury
Sala et al.40	Case report	Italy	Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome
Dong et al.41	Series of four cases	China	Four patients with prior cardiovascular (CV) disease developed end-stage heart failure during COVID-19 (2 of them died).
Zeng et al.42	Case report	China	Fulminant myocarditis
Kim et al.43	Case report	China	Myocarditis in a 21-year-old patient
Zhang et al.44	Series of three cases	China	Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies
Reviews and perspectives
Xiong et al.24	Narrative review	China, UK	Coronaviruses, including SARS and MERS, have short- and long-term implications for the CV system. Patients presenting with CV manifestations seem to more frequently require ICU admission.
Madjid et al.25	Narrative review	USA	Acute cardiac injury determined by elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels is commonly observed in severe cases and is strongly associated with mortality
Driggin et al.26	Narrative review	USA	Patients with CV comorbidities more frequently require ICU admission. COVID-19 can lead to exacerbation of previous CV disease or to specific complications such as myocardial injury, myocarditis, and acute coronary syndromes, cardiogenic shock, or arrhythmia.
Liu et al.27	Narrative review	USA	The CV system is commonly involved in early phases of COVID-19. Microangiopathy and thrombosis seem to be the main mechanisms of cardiac injury. Levels of hsTrP and NPs are prognostic.
Kochi et al.28	Narrative review	Italy and Switzerland	Close monitoring of potential arrhythmogenic effects of both COVID-19 itself and antiviral medication is advisable, especially in patients with previous CV disease.
Libby29	Short review and perspective	USA	There are likely to be multiple pathophysiological pathways involved in cardiac injury during COVID-19, which call for precaution in deciding therapeutic approaches until more robust evidence is available
Guidance
Edelson et al.97	Guidelines	USA	Interim guidance for basic and advanced life support
Han et al.89	Experts consensus	China	Clinical management of patients with severe emergent CV diseases
Welt et al.90	Consensus statement	USA	Catheterization laboratory considerations
Romaguera et al.88	Consensus statement	Spain	Considerations on the invasive management of ischaemic and structural heart disease during the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak
Hunt et al.98	Living guidance (updated weekly)	UK	Prevention of thrombosis and management of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation of patients infected with COVID-19
Zhai et al.99	Consensus statement	China	Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated to COVID-19
Zhai et al.88	Consensus statement	China	Prevention and treatment of venous thrombo-embolism
Wood et al.93	Summary of guidance from professional societies (North American Society Leadership)	USA	Safe reintroduction of cardiovascular services
European Society of Cardiology	Special section on website	Europe	https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology
American Heart Association	Special section on website	USA	https://www.heart.org/en/coronavirus
American College of Cardiology	COVID-19 hub on website	USA	https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/features/accs-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-hub