Table 4.
Summary of studies assessing prognostic factors of mortality and complications in COVID-19
| Study | Sample size | Endpoint/s | Risk factors | Protective factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhou et al.13 | 191 | In-hospital death | Older age, higher SOFA score, and high D-dimer greater on admission | – |
| Wang et al.14 | 138 | ICU admission | Older age, comorbidities, dyspnoea | – |
| Yang et al.100 | 52, all admitted to ICU | In-hospital death | Older age, ARDS, mechanical ventilation | – |
| Zhang et al.56 | 645 | Severe/critical COVID-19 categories | Myalgia, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting, lymphocytopenia, higher creatinine and number of lobes radiologically involved at admission | – |
| Shi et al.54 | 416 | Cardiac injury (associated with higher in-hospital death) | Older age, more comorbidities, higher leucocyte counts, higher levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, CK-MB, myohaemoglobin, high-sensitivity troponin I, NT-pro-BNP, AST, and creatinine, and higher proportion of multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity | – |
| Wu et al.35 | 201 | ARDS and progression to death in patients with ARDS | ARDS: older age, high fever, comorbidities, neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia (as well as lower CD3 and CD4 T-cell counts), elevated end-organ-related indices (e.g. AST, urea, LDH), elevated inflammation-related indices (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum ferritin), and elevated coagulation function-related indicators (prothrombin time and D-dimer).Death in ARDS: older age, lower proportion of high fever, hypertension, neutrophilia, elevated bilirubin, urea, LDH, D-dimer, cystatin C, and IL-6. | Death in ARDS: high fever, treatment with methylprednisolone and antivirals. |
| Huang et al.101 | 41 | ICU admission | Dyspnoea, neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, enlarged prothrombin time, elevated D-dimer, transaminases, bilirubin, troponin I, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα, and lower albumin | High fever |
| Liu et al.102 | 78 | Clinical deterioration, and likeliness of high-level respiratory support | Older age, history of smoking, high fever, respiratory failure, low albumin, high C-reactive protein | – |
| Sun et al.103 | 600 | Progression to critical condition | Older age, lymphocytopenia, oxygen supplementation and multiple/extensive pulmonary radiographic infiltrations | – |
| Mo et al.104 | 155 | Refractory pneumonia* | Male sex, anorexia, and high fever at admission, receiving oxygen, expectorants, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, immune enhancer (thymalfasin, immunoglobulins) | – |
| Wang et al.105 | 68 | SpO2 <90% (related to death) | Older age, comorbidities, elevated IL-6, IL-10, LDH, and C-reactive protein | – |
*
Defined as those cases not fulfilling all the following: (i) obvious alleviation of respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough, chest distress. and shortness of breath) after treatment; (ii) maintenance of normal body temperature for ≥3 days without the use of corticosteroids or antipyretics; (iii) improvement in radiological abnormalities on chest CT or X-ray after treatment; and (iv) a hospital stay of ≤10 days.