Table 1.
Summary of all the targeting agents implemented into MSNs.
| Targeting Agent | Membrane Receptor | Cell Line | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibodies | |||
| Trastuzumab | HER2 | SK-BR3, BT-474 | [96,97,98,99,100] |
| Anti-CD44 | CD44 | MCF-7 | [101] |
| TRC105 | CD105 | 4T1 | [102,103,104] |
| Anti-EpCAM | EpCAM | Y79 | [105] |
| TAB-004 | MUC1 | MMT | [106] |
| Cetuximab | EGFR | MCF-7, PC9, AsPC-1, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2 | [107,108,109] |
| Aptamers | |||
| EpCAM | EpCAM | Huh-7, HepG2, SW620, SW480 | [111,112,113,114] |
| MUC1 | MUC1 | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | [115,116] |
| AS1411 | NCL | HeLa, SKOV-3, MCF-7 | [117,118,119,120,121] |
| YQ26 | END | HEK293 | [122] |
| HB5 | HER2 | SK-BR-3 | [123] |
| Peptides | |||
| TAT | Importin α/β | HeLa | [126] |
| KALA | - | A549, HeLa | [127] |
| RGD | αvβ3-integrin | MDA-MB-231, HeLa, UMR-106, PC-3, 4T1, HUVEC | [128,129,130,131,132,133,181] |
| NGR | CD13 | C6, NCI-H1299, BCEC | [134,135] |
| NAPamide | Melanocortin-1 | #17 (melanoma cancer cells) | [137] |
| Bld-1 | FPR-1 | HT-1376 | [138] |
| IL-13 | IL-13R-α2 | U87 | [139] |
| Proteins | |||
| Transferrin | TfR | HT1080, HepG2, Huh-7, MDA-MB-231, C6, MIA PaCa-2 | [140,141,142,143,144,145] |
| Urokinase plasminogen activator | UPAR | S2-VP10 | [146] |
| Concanavalin A | Sialic acids | HOS | [147] |
| Aleuria Auranti | Sialyl-Lewis X antigen | DLD-1 | [148] |
| Carbohydrates | |||
| Galactose | ASGPR | HepG2, SMMC-7721 | [149] |
| Lactobionic acid | [150,151,152,153] | ||
| Glucose derivatives | GLUT | Y79, HeLa, A549 | [154,155] |
| Hyaluronic acid | CD44 | MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, HeLa, MCF-7 | [156,157,158,159] |
| Chondroitin sulfate | [160,161,162] | ||
| Small Molecules | |||
| Folic acid | FR-α | PANC-1, LS174T, LnCAP, KB, HeLa, Y79, A549, NCI-H1299 | [164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172] |
| Biotin | BR | A549, HeLa, NB-4 | [173,174,175] |
| Boronic acid | Sialic acids | HepG2 | [178] |
| Benzylguanidine derivatives | NET | NB-1691 | [180] |
Membrane receptors. HER2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2); CD44 (Cluster of differentiation 44, glycoprotein); CD105/END (Endoglin protein); EpCAM (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule); MUC1 (Mucin 1 protein); EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor 1); NCL (Nucleolin protein); CD13 (Aminopeptidase N enzyme); FPR-1 (Formyl peptide receptor 1); IL-13R-α2 (Interleukin-13 receptor α2); TfR (Transferrin receptor); UPAR (Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor); ASGPR (asialoglycoprotein receptor); GLUT (Glucose transporter); FR-α (Folic acid receptor); BR (Biotin receptor); NET (Norepinephrine transporter). Cell lines. Breast. SK-BR3 (adenocarcinoma); BT-474 (ductal carcinoma); MCF-7 (invasive ductal carcinoma); MDA-MB-231 (adenocarcinoma); 4T1 (mouse breast cancer that simulates stage IV human breast cancer); MMT (mouse breast cancer). Lung. PC9 (adenocarcinoma); A549 (adenocarcinoma); NCI-H1299 (large cell carcinoma). Pancreas. AsPC-1 (ductal adenocarcinoma); PANC-1 (ductal carcinoma); MIA PaCa-2 (ductal carcinoma); S2VP10 (ductal adenocarcinoma). Colon. SW620 (adenocarcinoma); SW480 (adenocarcinoma); DLD-1 (adenocarcinoma); HCT-116 (carcinoma); LS174T (adenocarcinoma). Liver. Huh-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma); HepG2 (hepatoblastoma). Ovary. SKOV-3 (ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma). Prostate. PC-3 (carcinoma); LnCAP (carcinoma). Endocervix. HeLa (papillomavirus-related endocervical adenocarcinoma); SMMC-7721 (papillomavirus-related endocervical adenocarcinoma); KB (papillomavirus-related endocervical adenocarcinoma). Bone. HT-1080 (fibrosarcoma); HOS (osteosarcoma); NB-4 (acute promyelocytic leukemia); UMR-106 (rat osteosarcoma). Brain. NB-1691 (neuroblastoma); BCEC (brain capillary endothelial cells); C6 (rat malignant glioma). Eyes. Y79 (retinoblastoma). Kidney. HEK293 (embryonic human kidney cells). Bladder. HT-1376 (carcinoma). Endothelium. HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells).