Table 3.
Effect of MSH/MC1R Signaling on DNA Damage and Repair
| Author, Year (Reference) | Type of Study | Cells or Tissues | MSH/MC1R Manipulation | Type of DNA Damaging Treatment | Effects on DNA Damage or Repair | Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kadekaro et al., 2012 (116) | Ex vivo | Adult and neonatal human melanocytes | αMSH treatment | UV irradiation H2O2 | ↓ DNA damage | ↑ ATR ↑ DNA-PKcs↑ Phospho-p53 ↑ GADD45 ↑ pChk2 ↑ OGG1 ↑ APE1 (BER pathway) |
| Swope et al., 2014 (119) | Ex vivo | Human melanocytes | αMSH treatment | UV irradiation | ↑ DNA repair | ↑ pATM ↑ pATR ↑ pChk1, pChk2 ↑ XPC (NER pathway) |
| Bohm et al., 2005 (117) | In vitro | Human melanocytes | αMSH treatment | UVB irradiation | ↓ DNA damage ↑ NER | |
| Dong et al., 2010 (121) | Ex vivo | Human primary keratinocytes | αMSH treatment | UVB irradiation | ↓ DNA damage ↑ NER | XPA nuclear translocation |
| Smith et al., 2008 (123) | In vitro Ex vivo | B16 mouse melanoma cells, primary human melanocytes | MCR1R siRNA | UV irradiation | ↑ DNA damage | ↓ NR4A-dependent cyclobutene pyrimidine dimer removal (NER pathway) |
| Jarrett et al., 2017 (120) | Ex vivo | Primary human melanocytes | αMSH treatment | Cisplatin | ↓ DNA damage | Enhanced XPA-pATR association and cAMP-dependent DNA repair |
| In vitro | Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells | MC1R transfection | ↓ DNA damage | |||
| Song et al., 2009 (118) | Ex vivo | Primary human melanocytes | αMSH treatment | UV irradiation | ↓ DNA damage | ↓ Oxidation MC1R activation |
Abbreviations: MC1R, melanocortin 1 receptor; MSH, melanocyte stimulating hormone; NER, nucleotide excision repair; p, phosphorylated; siRNA, small-interfering RNA; XP, xeroderma pigmentosum.