Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Admitted Patients, Stratified by Troponin Concentration
| All Patients (n = 2,736) | Troponin I (ng/ml) |
p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00–0.03 (n = 1,751) | >0.03-0.09 (n = 455) | >0.09 (n = 530) | |||
| Female | 1,106 (40.4) | 721 (41.2) | 173 (38.0) | 212 (40.0) | 0.463 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 634 (23.2) | 377 (41.2) | 116 (25.5) | 141 (26.6) | |
| African American | 700 (25.6) | 398 (22.7) | 141 (31.0) | 161 (30.4) | |
| Asian | 105 (3.8) | 74 (4.2) | 15 (3.3) | 16 (3.0) | |
| Pacific Islander | 29 (1.1) | 19 (1.1) | 6 (1.3) | 4 (0.8) | |
| Other | 1,157 (42.3) | 806 (46.0) | 163 (35.8) | 188 (35.5) | |
| Unknown race | 111 (4.1) | 77 (4.4) | 14 (3.1) | 20 (3.8) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.001 | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 762 (27.9) | 547 (31.2) | 107 (23.5) | 108 (20.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 1,622 (59.3) | 979 (55.9) | 294 (64.6) | 349 (65.8) | |
| Unknown ethnicity | 352 (12.9) | 225 (12.8) | 54 (11.9) | 73 (13.8) | |
| Age, yrs | <0.001 | ||||
| 18–29 | 49 (1.8) | 46 (2.6) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
| 30–39 | 161 (5.9) | 146 (8.3) | 3 (0.7) | 12 (2.3) | |
| 40–49 | 248 (9.1) | 209 (11.9) | 21 (4.6) | 18 (3.4) | |
| 50–59 | 470 (17.2) | 357 (20.4) | 62 (13.6) | 51 (9.6) | |
| 60–69 | 694 (25.4) | 474 (27.1) | 114 (25.1) | 106 (20.0) | |
| 70–79 | 596 (21.8) | 337 (19.2) | 117 (25.7) | 142 (26.8) | |
| 80–89 | 400 (14.6) | 153 (8.7) | 104 (22.9) | 143 (27.0) | |
| 90–100 | 117 (4.3) | 29 (1.7) | 32 (7.0) | 56 (10.6) | |
| Clinical covariates | |||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.8 ± 6.5 | 30.07 ± 6.46 | 29.16 ± 6.44 | 29.08 ± 6.51 | 0.002 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB use | 601 (22.0) | 332 (19.0) | 118 (25.9) | 151 (28.5) | <0.001 |
| Statin use | 984 (36.0) | 516 (29.5) | 223 (49.0) | 245 (46.2) | <0.001 |
| CURB-65 score | 1.26 ± 1.10 | 0.90 ± 0.95 | 1.76 ± 1.02 | 2.01 ± 1.05 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 206 (7.5) | 91 (5.2) | 46 (10.1) | 69 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 229 (8.4) | 154 (8.8) | 36 (7.9) | 39 (7.4) | 0.537 |
| Coronary artery disease | 453 (16.6) | 171 (9.8) | 97 (21.3) | 185 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| History of cancer | 195 (7.1) | 123 (7.0) | 38 (8.4) | 34 (6.4) | 0.481 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 273 (10.0) | 90 (5.1) | 66 (14.5) | 117 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 158 (5.8) | 70 (4.0) | 39 (8.6) | 49 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 719 (26.3) | 378 (21.6) | 153 (33.6) | 188 (35.5) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 276 (10.1) | 75 (4.3) | 67 (14.7) | 134 (25.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1,065 (38.9) | 595 (34.0) | 205 (45.1) | 265 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.70 (11.30–13.90) | 12.90 (11.70–14.00) | 12.60 (11.20–13.90) | 11.90 (10.20–13.40) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte, % | 13.20 (8.12–20.30) | 14.90 (9.10–21.87) | 11.20 (7.10–18.45) | 9.70 (6.20–14.60) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, μg/ml | 1.43 (0.79–2.75) | 1.17 (0.71–2.15) | 1.65 (1.05–3.21) | 2.54 (1.51–4.93) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer above 1 μg/ml | 1,453 (66.2) | 846 (58.5) | 282 (76.4) | 325 (85.8) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/l | 126.69 (63.71–214.20) | 114.25 (56.61–194.80) | 136.78 (72.30–228.95) | 149.94 (95.09–246.65) | <0.001 |
| Creatine kinase, U/l | 177.50 (83.25–502.50) | 136.00 (72.50–326.75) | 336.00 (120.00–981.50) | 332.00 (155.00–1,015.00) | <0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l | 441.00 (332.00–592.00) | 425.00 (325.00–551.00) | 456.00 (339.50–616.75) | 520.00 (368.00–753.50) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/l | 780.50 (376.00–1,899.00) | 724.00 (350.8–1,629.8) | 828.00 (378.00–1,858.50) | 1,093.00 (488.00–2,696.00) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.21 (0.09–0.69) | 0.15 (0.07–0.38) | 0.30 (0.12–0.80) | 0.81 (0.28–2.59) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.98 (0.75–1.58) | 0.85 (0.70–1.12) | 1.25 (0.90–2.08) | 2.09 (1.24–4.48) | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 14.30 (13.50–15.60) | 14.00 (13.30–14.90) | 14.40 (13.80–16.48) | 15.20 (14.10–16.80) | <0.001 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time, s | 32.90 (29.52–37.90) | 32.30 (29.40–36.80) | 33.00 (29.70–38.98) | 34.40 (30.10–40.70) | 0.002 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.00 (2.60–3.30) | 3.00 (2.70–3.30) | 2.90 (2.50–3.20) | 2.90 (2.50–3.20) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (total), mg/dl | 0.60 (0.40–0.80) | 0.60 (0.40–0.80) | 0.60 (0.40–0.80) | 0.60 (0.40–0.90) | 0.048 |
| Sodium, mEq/l | 138.00 (135.00–141.00) | 137.00 (135.00–140.00) | 138.00 (135.00–141.00) | 139.00 (136.00–144.00) | <0.001 |
| Tachycardia (heart rate >100 beats/min) | 647 (23.6) | 393 (22.4) | 95 (20.9) | 159 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| Fever (>38.0°C) | 517 (18.9) | 372 (21.3) | 67 (14.8) | 78 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypotension (SBP <100 mm Hg) | 228 (8.3) | 123 (7.0) | 40 (8.8) | 65 (12.3) | 0.001 |
| SBP >160 mm Hg | 227 (8.3) | 104 (5.9) | 53 (11.7) | 70 (13.2) | <0.001 |
Values are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range).
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP = systolic blood pressure