Figure 6.

Continuous exposure to 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF induced cellular senescence in ASCs and Huh7 cells. (A,B) ASCs and Huh7 cells exposed to 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF for 72 h at 1 SAR (A) or 2 SAR (B). Cells were fixed in 2% formaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde, and incubated with 0.1% X-gal for 30 h. ASCs treated with 200 μM H₂O₂ for 1 h and Huh7 cells treated with 300 μM H₂O₂ for 2 h were respectively used as a positive control. Images were taken with a Nikon microscope (ECLIPSE Ts2) under a 10× objective. Scale bar, 50 μm. A total 200 cells were counted for each experiment. The percentages are SA-β-gal positive cells over total cells counted. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the cell percentage was plotted as mean ± S.D. P < 0.05 (*), P < 0.01(**) and P > 0.05 (non-significant, n.s.). (C–E) 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF exposed Huh7 cells (B) were subjected to western blots with (C) anti-p21, (D) anti-phosphorated-p53 at Ser15 and anti-p53, (E) anti-Rb and anti-phosphorylated-Rb at Ser 780. β-actin from the same blot was used as a loading control. More than three independent replicates were performed for all experiments. The original full-length blots were presented in the Supplementary Information.