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. 2020 Jun 8;10:9238. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65732-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Continuous exposure to 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF decreased cell proliferation by inducing intracellular ROS in ASCs and Huh7 cells. (A–D) ASCs and Huh7 cells pre-treated or not with 100 μM NAC were exposed to 1.7 GHz RF-EMF for 72 h at 2 SAR, while the sham control cells were incubated for 72 h without RF-EMF exposure. After the exposure, (A,C) the cells were collected and counted with a cell counter (Nexcelom Bioscience). Huh7 cells (B) and ASCs (D) were stained with carboxy-H₂DCFDA. Cells treat with TBHP were used as a positive control for intracellular ROS generation. (E,F) ASCs and Huh7 cells were exposed to 1.7 GHz RF-EMF for 72 h at 1 SAR or 2 SAR, and were stained with MitoSOX. (B,D–F) Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342. Images were taken with an Axioplan2 fluorescence microscope (Zeiss) under a 200× objective. Scale bar, 25 μm. All experiments consisted of three independent replicates.