Table 2.
Peak values (minimum and maximum) and mean values with standard deviations (sd) of moment arms calculated across the considered ranges of motion for the highly discretized muscles, the straight-lines muscles and the results extrapolated from Figs. 6 and 7 of Blemker and Delp6 using Graph Grabber 2.0
| Hip task | Model | Muscle moment arms (cm) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psoas | Iliacus | Gluteus maximus | Gluteus medius | ||||||||||
| Min | Max | Mean (sd) | Min | Max | Mean (sd) | Min | Max | Mean (sd) | Min | Max | Mean (sd) | ||
| Flexion(+) /extension (−) | Highly discretized muscles | 0.9 | 2.6 | 1.9 (0.3) | 1.3 | 4.6 | 3.0 (0.4) | − 9.2 | − 1.9 | − 5.7 (0.9) | − 3.5 | 1.5 | − 1.5 (0.3) |
| Straight-lines muscles | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.6 | 3.3 | 3.1 (0.2) | − 7.7 | − 2.9 | − 5.5 (1.5) | − 1.9 | 0.4 | − 1.3 (0.6) | |
| Blemker and Delp (2005) | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.3 (0.1) | 1.9 | 5.1 | 3.0 (0.4) | − 7.2 | − 0.9 | − 4.2 (0.3) | − 1.7 | 2.1 | − 0.0 (0.3) | |
| Adduction (+)/abduction (−) | Highly discretized muscles | 0.5 | 2.1 | 1.4 (0.2) | − 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.2 (0.2) | − 6.8 | 5.4 | − 0.6 (0.3) | − 7.5 | − 0.4 | − 5.1 (0.6) |
| Straight-lines muscles | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 (0.2) | − 0.6 | 0.3 | − 0.2 (0.3) | − 3.5 | 6.4 | 0.8 (3.6) | − 5.9 | − 1.6 | − 4.5 (1.0) | |
| Blemker and Delp 6 | − 0.5 | 2.0 | 1.2 (0.5) | − 1.5 | 1.5 | − 0.0 (0.5) | − 6.1 | 7.1 | 0.8 (1.9) | − 5.4 | 0.6 | − 3.1 (0.7) | |
| Internal (+)/external (−) rotation | Highly discretized muscles | − 0.5 | 0.4 | − 0.1 (0.1) | − 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 (0.1) | − 3.9 | 0.0 | − 2.3 (0.3) | − 3.5 | 3.1 | − 0.4 (0.5) |
| Straight-lines muscles | − 0.7 | − 0.2 | − 0.5 (0.2) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 (0.0) | − 4.1 | 0.1 | − 2.8 (0.2) | − 3.0 | 1.7 | − 1.1 (1.9) | |
| Blemker and Delp 6 | − 1.8 | 0.8 | − 0.2 (0.4) | − 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 (0.1) | − 4.2 | − 0.1 | − 2.2 (0.0) | − 2.7 | 2.2 | − 0.4 (0.2) | |