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. 2020 Mar 30;48(6):1821–1836. doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02492-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Top-view photo of the symmetric CoPulse prototype, (b) Side-view photo of the symmetric CoPulse prototype, (c) Top-view photo of the asymmetric CoPulse prototype, (d) Side-view photo of the asymmetric CoPulse prototype, (e) Photo of the CoPulse pump implanted into the left ventricle of the ex vivo isolated porcine heart. (a)–(d) label the design variables used for geometric pump optimization and are denoted by h (pump chamber height), d (cannula diameter), w (cannula offset distance), and θ (cannula orientation). The geometric range of the respective design variables is reported in Supplementary Table 1. (a)–(d) also show the pump assembled without any metallic parts allowing for 4D-flow MRI testing.