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. 2020 Mar 30;48(6):1821–1836. doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02492-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time evolution for dye washout in the symmetric and the asymmetric design of the CoPulse pump. The virtual dye injection experiment started with the systolic phase (t = 0–0.4 s) where some of the tracer was expelled together with blood, causing a drop in the dye concentration. In the subsequent filling phase (t = 0.4–0.8 s), pure blood entered the pump while the tracer concentration within the chamber remained constant. This cycle recurred throughout the entire pumping process, eventually resulting in a staggered progression of dye washout.