Table 2.
Association between pregnancy, prenatal, illnesses and life style variables and the occurrence of oral clefts
| Variable | Categories | Cases | Controls | OR | CI | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | (95%) | (χ2) | |||
| Order of pregnancy | First | 62 | 34.25 | 119 | 65.75 | 0.99 | (0.62 ; 1.58) | 0.955 |
| Second | 47 | 34.56 | 89 | 65.44 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Third | 22 | 29.33 | 53 | 70.67 | 0.79 | (0.43 ; 1.45) | 0.439 | |
| Fourth | 9 | 23.08 | 30 | 76.92 | 0.57 | (0.25 ; 1.30) | 0.175 | |
| Fifth or posterior | 10 | 52.63 | 9 | 14.29 | 2.10 | (0.80 ; 5.54) | 0.126 | |
| Prenatal | Yes | 144 | 32.73 | 296 | 67.27 | 1.00 | - | - |
| No | 6 | 60.00 | 4 | 40.00 | 3.08 | (0.86 ; 11.10) | 0.091 | |
| Diabetes | Yes | 5 | 45.45 | 6 | 54.55 | 1.69 | (0.51 ; 5.63) | 0.518EF |
| No | 145 | 33.03 | 294 | 66.97 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Hypertension | Yes | 16 | 48.48 | 17 | 51.51 | 1.99 | (0.97 ; 4.06) | 0.055 |
| No | 134 | 32.13 | 283 | 67.87 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Infection | Yes | 56 | 37.09 | 95 | 62.91 | 1.29 | (0.85 ; 1.94) | 0.230 |
| No | 94 | 31.44 | 205 | 68.56 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Overweight | Grades 1 and 2 | 20 | 51.28 | 19 | 48.72 | 2.28 | (1.17 ; 4.41) | 0.013 |
| No | 130 | 31.63 | 281 | 68.37 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Stress | Yes | 67 | 35.64 | 121 | 64.36 | 1.19 | (0.80 ; 1.77) | 0.380 |
| No | 83 | 31.68 | 179 | 68.32 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Use of folic acid | Yes | 78 | 24.30 | 243 | 75.70 | 1.00 | - | - |
| No | 72 | 55.81 | 57 | 44.19 | 3.94 | (2.56 ; 6.06) | <0.001 | |
| Use of vitamins | Yes | 82 | 35.96 | 146 | 64.04 | 1.00 | - | - |
| No | 68 | 30.63 | 154 | 69.37 | 0.79 | (0.53 ; 1.17) | 0.230 | |
| Use of analgesics | Yes | 47 | 22.49 | 162 | 77.51 | 0.39 | (0.26 ; 0.59) | <0.001 |
| No | 103 | 42.74 | 138 | 57.26 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Use of antibiotics | Yes | 46 | 40.35 | 68 | 59.65 | 1.51 | (0.97 ; 2.34) | 0.066 |
| No | 104 | 30.95 | 232 | 69.05 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Use of anti-inflamatory | Yes | 7 | 33.33 | 14 | 66.67 | 1.00 | (0.40 ; 2.53) | 1.000 |
| No | 143 | 33.33 | 286 | 66.67 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Use of corticosteroids | Yes | 1 | 25.00 | 3 | 3 | 0.66 | (0.07 ; 6.44) | 1.000EF |
| No | 149 | 33.41 | 297 | 297 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Use of anticonvulsivants | Yes | 4 | 66.67 | 2 | 2 | 4.08 | (0.74 ; 22.54) | 0.099EF |
| No | 146 | 32.88 | 298 | 298 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Use of benzodiazepínes | Yes | 4 | 66.67 | 2 | 33.33 | 4.08 | (0.74 ; 22.54) | 0.099EF |
| No | 146 | 32.88 | 298 | 67.12 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 24 | 32.88 | 49 | 67.12 | 0.98 | (0.57 ; 1.66) | 0.928 |
| No | 126 | 33.42 | 251 | 66.58 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Frequency of alcohol consumption | 1-7 times per week | 23 | 37.10 | 39 | 62.90 | 1.18 | (0.67 ; 2.05) | 0.571 |
| 1-2 times per month | 1 | 9.09 | 10 | 90.91 | 0.20 | (0.03 ; 1.57) | 0.111EF | |
| 0 times per month | 126 | 33.42 | 251 | 66.58 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Number of alcohol doses | ≥ 5 | 7 | 43.75 | 9 | 56.25 | 1.55 | (0.56 ; 4.26) | 0.392 |
| 1--4 | 17 | 29.82 | 40 | 70.18 | 0.85 | (0.46 ; 1.55) | 0.590 | |
| None | 126 | 33.42 | 251 | 66.58 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Ilicit drug use | Yes | 2 | 28.57 | 5 | 71.43 | 0.80 | (0.15 ;4.16) | 1.000EF |
| No | 148 | 33.41 | 295 | 66.59 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Smoking | Active | 13 | 46.43 | 15 | 53.57 | 2.04 | (0.94 ; 4.43) | 0.068 |
| Passive | 32 | 45.71 | 38 | 54.29 | 1.98 | (1.17 ; 3.34) | 0.010 | |
| No | 105 | 29.83 | 247 | 70.17 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| Number of cigarettes per day | > 21 | 18 | 72.00 | 7 | 28.00 | 6.05 | (2.45 ; 14.91) | <0.001 |
| 11--20 | 12 | 40.00 | 18 | 60.00 | 1.57 | (0.73 ; 3.37) | 0.246 | |
| < 10 | 15 | 34.88 | 28 | 65.12 | 1.26 | (0.65 ; 2.46) | 0.496 | |
| No | 105 | 29.83 | 247 | 70.17 | 1.00 | - | - | |
| X-ray | Yes | 8 | 72.73 | 3 | 27.27 | 5.58 | (1.46 ; 21.34) | 0.008EF |
| No | 142 | 32.35 | 297 | 67.65 | 1.00 | - | - | |
CI: confidence interval; p-value: Chi-square test. FE: Fisher's exact test.